Entrepreneurship Homework Format Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneurship Homework Format Essay List up three success factors for Malincho up to today, and explain the details. 1. The very first success factor for Malincho would be considered is the creative idea of importing feta cheese. Kalin understood clearly consumers’ psychology who live far away from their home country and were craving for â€Å"a taste of home†. He believed that this would be a high-profitable business if he operated it in the States. 2. The second factor contributing to this success is the power of willingness, determination and solidarity. The business would have been failed if Kalin gave up after several obstacles coming to him such as starting up as a deep debt, repacking the damaged cheese or maintaining pricing structure. However, he was still determined and patient until the very end. It was not only Kalin’s effort but also his friends’ support and well-cooperation that brought his entrepreneurship to a new stage. 3. Finally, it was very smart of Kalin to come up with simple way of promoting his products as well as nice service strategy for customers. In detail, Kalin made full use of word-of-mouth method to spread out his business and finally got free advertising by appearing on USA Today. Additionally, in order to ensure customers’ worries when purchasing online products, he used properly the very simple inventory printout and the flexible payment method with either check or credit card. In short, Kalin paid a lot of attention to consumers’ psychology to provide best products for them. Answer to the â€Å"Preparation Questions on page 48 in Chapter.1 1. ( â€Å"Timomon’s entrepreneurship framework† is described in Ch. 2 on page 57) From my point of view, under the Timmons entrepreneurship framework, his success is based on many factors.

The Effectiveness Of Mass Media Advertisements Marketing Essay

The Effectiveness Of Mass Media Advertisements Marketing Essay For many years mass media advertising was seen as the strongest form of creating awareness to a companys brand. However, the 21st century brings with it the decline of traditional mass media. As humans are being exposed to more and more advertising on a large scale, it is only inevitable that the effectiveness of the mass communication will greatly diminish. Magazines and newspapers are losing readers, radio is losing listeners, and most importantly television is losing viewers. Whats driving this trend is that consumers are drifting more towards digital media driven by online content typified by social media sites and online gaming, as well as more and more homes having access to broadband internet connectivity   and its capability to provide an ever-growing and an ever-higher quality of video content. Marketers also face a general proliferation of media and distribution channels, with declining trust in advertising, multitasking by consumers, and digital technologies that give u sers more control over the their media time. These trends are simultaneously fragmenting both the audience and the channels needed to reach them. The danger for marketers is that this change will render the time honoured way of getting messages to consumers through TV commercials less effective at best and a waste of time and money at worst. Therefore, companies must be intuitive in seeking alternative marketing communications to increase their brand awareness and therefore utilise this now wider scope of tools. Tools that companies already acquire can be utilised and modified into an effective medium of communication. Promoting public relations and accompanying it with one of the reasons for the decline in the effectiveness of television advertising (social media). Companies are able to generate an effective, yet efficient means of delivering a brands message through a two way relationship. Accompanying an advertising industry that is in decline with the economic downfall, consumer s have little confidence towards brands and therefore developing a medium that can deliver a message that is portrayed through a story enables brands to once again deliver effective brand awareness. Brand awareness refers to the ability of the consumer as to whether they can recall or recognise a brand, that is, whether consumers know about the brand (Keller, 2008). Brand awareness must be established before building brand equity. The brand name develops the memory nodes in consumers minds (Aaker, 1991). Brand awareness consists of two factors: brand recognition and brand recall performance (Keller 1993). Consumers tend to link related brand knowledge to the brand name, this ultimately constitutes in the end product of brand equity (Aaker, 1991  and  Keller, 1993). Hence, brand awareness evokes an important learning advantage for the brand (Keller, 2008). Consumer decision making is also affected by brand awareness, especially for low-involvement packaged goods. Brands that consumers know are more likely to be included in the consumers consideration set (Hoyer and Brown, 1990  and  MacDonald and Sharp, 2000). Consumers may use brand awareness as a purchase decision heuri stic (Hoyer and Brown, 1990  and  MacDonald and Sharp, 2000). Therefore, brand awareness amplifies brand market performance. The decline of mass media advertising In its prime, network television was seen by marketers and ad agencies as the benchmark to successful brand awareness campaigns. This was due to the sheer number of consumers that tuned into the most popular television shows. The emphasis of these marketers was mass messaging of the brand to the consumers as companys based their television spending on the share of voice, that is making sure your market share, expenditure of competitors and the companys growth expectations of the brand was in line with the advertising budget. However, fragmenting media and shifting behaviour by consumers are revealing the traditional models limits due to the following trends. Media propagation. In the United States, what used to be a handful of stations has developed and evolved into 1,774 full power TV stations. Multitasking. With the development of the internet, more and more people are multitasking. According to Ulla G. Foehr, the average US teenager engages in an average of two other activities, one of these activities in homework. Therefore, as students are studying they have the ability to selectively listen to the television. Meaning that they can zone out when advertisements are aired and back in when the program returns. The same concept is applicable with the multitasking of surfing the internet and watching television. In a similar concept that supports multitasking. Switching Off is the process of consumers being selective of what they watch and the advertisements they trust. Yankelovich Partners state that 65% of consumers believe that they are constantly being bombarded with too much advertisement, with 65% saying they would be interested in products and services that would help block marketing, and 54% saying that they would avoid purchasing products that engulf with advertisement and marketing. What Communications should be exploited? As Brand awareness is scrutinized as being the focal point towards the succession of a brand, and therefore the company, it is essential that marketers develop efficient and effective messages in a communication that ultimately would increase the recognition and recall of the brand. Therefore, as the decline in the effectiveness of mass media continues, it opens a Pandora box of opportunities throughout other communications for marketers to develop and exploit. Marketers need a more meticulous approach to a fragmenting world, one that dismisses mentalities and norms from mass media advertisings golden age and understands the investment it really is. In other words, it will be necessary to boost marketings return on investment (ROI). Academicians and practitioners have debated the merits of integrating the related yet distinct functions of marketing and public relations (PR) for decades to develop an alternative route in developing brand awareness (Kotler and Mindak 1978.) Public relations is commonly related with communication activities that are designed to craft and maintain an organisations image with its publics (Kitchen P Proctor R, 2010) The role of organisational public relations is expanding with the changing times: PR doesnt just focus on your business product; it also assists in shaping strategic messaging .(Anonymous, 2010, p. 28). Traditionally, this meant that public relation professionals would meet and work with members of the news media to build a favourable image by publicising the brand throughout newspapers and broadcast media. However, with the development of web 2.0 defined as a platform whereby content and applications are no longer created and published by individuals, but instead are continuously modified by all users in a participatory and collaborative fashion (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010, p. 61), Winchell (2010) states that brands are being dismissed, measured and documented in real time and should therefore join the conversatio n in social media. American Airlines, one of the worlds largest air carriers, believes that public relations can help to maximize shrinking advertising budgets in tight economic times (Bush, 2009). It is therefore seen in modern society that the role of public relations can be two fold. As creator of the story, such as the conversation towards the consumer, and, as the curator of the medium to use, ie., social media. As a result of the economic downturn, many consumers have lost trust and confidence in the business environment. In a 2005 Starcom study, it was stated that 65% of consumers believed that advertisers paid to have their products placed or featured in magazine articles (Starcom Study 2005). Therefore, marketers must attempt to instil a new sense of comfort and confidence between the consumer and the brand. This is where public relations can be extremely effective, as authenticity can illicit strong connections from brand to consumer through the means of storytelling (Allen 2005). Storytelling has a role throughout organisations and even throughout public forums, as word of mouth through brand conversation is on the rise (Finchum 2010). Therefore, when consumers come into contact with a brand for the first time; strong, favourable and unique brand associations would have a higher probability of being evoked when an authentic story is told by the product or service itself, or by the cust omer word-of-mouth or by a credible third party (Denning, 2006, p. 43). Schipul (2009) proclaims that since todays society is centre of a conservative economy, the aim is to focus on an organisations relationship with its publics and social media is the communication medium for such a thing to transpire. Social media, with its greater ROI and its two way communication with consumers is the solution to support public relations in creating brand awareness with positive associations. Extraordinary advances in technology are dramatically altering the way, speed and nature humans are communicating with each other (Bandura 2001). Moxham (2008) states that when an organisation is in conversation with a consumer they should tell the brands story and empower the consumer to also spread the word. This is ultimately delivered through storytelling in the communication of social media. This never used to be the case, as public relations was only seen a one way sender-orientated approach to communication, whereby mass media such as television, newspaper and radio were used to address the public (Helder Kragh, 2002). However, in the digital age, there is now what is known as receiver oriented approach and this involves having two way conversations through the medium of social media. Therefore this polar opposite approach results in individuals shifting fluidly and flexibly between the role of audience and author. The creation of basic, easy to use software enables any consumer to comment, post, share content and form an online community around shared interest (Thornley 2008). McDonalds is an organisation that has successfully incorporated the sharing component through the social media communication of Facebook. They have achieved this by delivering a message, and encouraging its consumers to share it if it relates to their friends. This is where the traditional one way, sender orientated communication protocol fails, as communication will only occur because the consumer sender wants it to. This message will only work if the consumer is able to ascertain the meaning that the advertisement was attempting to portray (Stidsen 1975). Nikes 2012 Olympic Twitter campaign flourished as 16,000 people tweeted the hash tag Nike during the event, demonstrating the audience that can be i nteracted. Public relations, as skilled relationship builders, therefore have the advantage over traditional advertisement as they are able to ensure the consumer has a deep understanding of the message that the brand was illustrating. As the effectiveness of traditional mass media declines, organisations must be able to adapt their communications with the changing times to ensure that they have the greatest probability in creating consumer brand awareness whilst not only having a superior ROI but a communication that will reach the masses. Through the fusion of public relations and social media, brands have an opportunity to develop relationship between the brand and its publics, creating deep and meaningful stories that intend to divulge strong, unique and favourable brand associations with the consumer through online social networks. Companies then hope that these stories will continue to be shared by publics to other new consumers. These findings hold significant importance to the marketing communications industry, particularly companies who partake in mass media advertisement. A lot of uncertainty surrounds the issue of companies creating brand awareness and loyalty when consumers are becoming more immune to m ass advertising effects. This is why public relations has been emphasised, as it attaches more credibility to the brand and emphasises to two way communication, which completes the communication cycle by ensuring feedback from customers to ascertain brand experience and value. Therefore integrating public relations with social media will be the new key to unlock the door of the consumers mind. As medias golden age has come to a close, many marketers are frustrated and have limited agreement about what to do next. Some business managers are attempting to dissect marketing-mix models that exercise refined econometric methods to meticulously decipher the diverse effects of the marketing mix on business results. Managers should utilise public relations and ensure that they convey a strong and deep message to the consumer. This is a simplistic, yet effective proposal, and would be efficiently installed in most companies. The consequences of not implementing this marketing strategy are for everyone to see. Mass media advertising was exceptionally effective in previous decades as it was able to target such a large audience, particularly television viewers. The reasons for this can be seen as the downfall of it today. In consideration to todays amount, there were only a handful of channels, resulting in an increased target size. People do not watch television in the same manner as they used to. A majority of the population multi task and therefore disregard advertisements as it is being aired. Therefore, whilst advertisement expenditure increases it can only be predicted that companies that do not apply this strategy have the risk of not creating enough brand awareness and losing brand loyalty with its customers. It is therefore recommended that companies take advantage of these findings as it can only provide future benefits for the brand by accessing a wider audience, because it could be a consumer th at is multitasking between television and social media only to take all attention away from the televised commercial and onto the social media page where they become aware and informed about a brand online. Further research can deeper analyse the forms and methods that can be put incorporated in using this social media, such ways that take into account the costs and audience scope. Studies can also be partaken to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating social media and public relations in developing brand awareness compared to other forms of communication.

Inequalities and Disparities in New Zealand’s Health

Inequalities and Disparities in New Zealand’s Health Sarah Jane D. Calamasa There is generally a relationship between wealth and health. Yet, queries occur about why and how some groups gain access to the social and economic means to live longer and healthier lives while others do not. In colonized countries, such as Aotearoa/New Zealand these mechanism have their roots in history.[1] To understand disparities and inequalities, we look at it in a different aspect; inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different positions within a group. While disparity defined as inequality that occur when member of the certain group do not profit from the other.These disparity and inequality were present in new Zealand based on their historical, social, economic and political aspects that have contributed between the maori and non-maori health status which has been evident for all of the imposing history of the country. Inequalities in health are attributed to the unequal distribution and unequal access to the social and economic determinants of health. Access to housing, education, employment and income all have an obvious impact on the wellbeing of the people, but health outcomes are also influenced by gender, geographical place, age and ethnicity.[2] To address inequality and disparity in current society of system, we have to understand and investigate the historical, social, economic, and political background. By doing so, we can give a wide variety of world views with different values and priorities.The first renowned interaction between Maori and Europeans occurred in 1769, at the time of James Cook’s expedition to New Zealand from Britain. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi, a formal agreement for British settlement and a guarantee of protection of Maori interests, was signed by representatives of the British crown and some of the Maori chiefs.[3] The Treaty of Waitangi is the main instrument through which Maoris have required to have their unique rights as the primitive people of New Zealand.The treaty’s intention was to protect and maintain the well-being of all citizens, and its health implications relating to processes of good government and view of participation and equity are significant. Since the 1970s, public awareness of the Treaty of Waitangi has continued to increase, primarily as a result of growing Maori aspirations for self-determination. In particular, it has been argued that the continuing disparities in health between Maoris and non-Maoris represent evidence that Maori health rights are not being protected as guaranteed under the treaty and that social, cultural, economic, and political factors cannot be overlooked in terms of their contribution to the health status of this group.In recent government health documents, the indigenous status health of maoris has been recognized, and the treaty of waitang i has been acknowledge as a fundamental component of the relationship between maoris and the government.However, the treaty has never been included in social policy legislation and there is a clear gap between acceptance of the treaty and translation of its aim into actual health gains for maori.[4] Along with understanding and challenging issues of power and demotion, a critical component of cultural safety education is recognizing the role of wider societal processes in maintaining health disparities between Maoris and non-Maoris through discrimination and racism..Social and economic factors are fundamental determinants of health inequalities; among them, income, education, employment, occupation, housing and racism.In 1998 the National Health Committee said it was important to improve the health status of the most disadvantaged groups because doing so was fair, benefited wider society and made economic sense.For example, school failure is more often experience in low socioeconomic groups, which in turn can lead to relatively poor paid work that is less secure and exposes people to physical and chemical hazards, as well as to poorer housing.[5] Shaw and Deed (2010) indicate that â€Å"November 1999 brought yet another change in government with a new structure and policy direction for health as the labour-Alliance Coalition was elected. Leading up to the elections the National Party declared that â€Å"health needs stability† and that they would be making no further policy changes, whereas, the labour party argued in their election manifesto that the national party had allowed the health system to be run down, privatized and commercialized. The public health and disability act (2000) changed the structure of health services to district health board 9DHBs)†. The government is reconfiguring the health and disability sector to improve the overall health status of new Zealanders. Local decision-making will also help to deliver the Government’s commitment to reduce inequalities and improve health status. District Health Boards will be responsible for the health of their local population.[6] An analysis of Maori health in the context of New Zealand’s colonial history may suggest possible explanations for inequalities in health between Maoris and non-Maoris, highlighting the role of access to health care. Two potential approaches to improving access to and quality of health care for Maoris are (1) development of a system of Maori health care provider services and (2) initiation of cultural safety education. Explanations for differences in health between Maoris and non-Maoris can be gathered into four major areas concentrating on socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, access to health care, and discrimination. These clarifications are not commonly limited, but it is useful to consider them separately while bearing in mind that they are inseparably connected.[7] Socioeconomic Factors-The significance of social environment in determining health has been established by the influential and continuing relationship between social and economic inequalities and poor health conclusions .Furthermore, survey outcomes obviously specified that undesirable health consequences are not consistently disseminated through the population.[8] Lifestyle Factors-It can be debated that lifestyle factors such as smoking signify one of the instrument by which socioeconomic factors affect health status. However, it has been understood that different lifestyle may be a justification to differences in health status between maori and non-maori. Access to Health Care-There is increasing indication that Maoris and non-Maoris vary in terms of admission to both primary and secondary health care services, that Maoris are less likely to be signified for surgical care and specialist services, and that, given the disparities in mortality, they obtain lesser than expected levels of quality hospital care than non-Maoris. Discrimination Specialists have been revealed to be less likely to advocate for preventive measures for Maori patients than for non-Maori patients, and Maoris may be less likely than non-Maoris to be mentioned for surgical care.[9] Shaw and Deed (2010) says that â€Å"Maori embrace distinctive ideas of health. Metge(1996) claims that although Maori concepts may seem to agree to western ideas, the resemblances are artificial, and while there may be overlap there are also significant differences. Maori conceptual meanings are compounded by pakeha cultural influences and generate debate about exactly what constitutes traditional customary maori belief and practice. Concepts of maori health are indisputably influence by the colonial experience articulated today with the crowns application of the treaty principles to health. Each tribe has a unique traditional concept of health that is shaped by their culture,language,geography of their land and their response to colonization.maori customs are dynamic and respond to change, but this does not mean that anything goes in maori society, because they must conform to basic and generic customary beliefs and practices (Durie, 1998)†. Child mortality and infectious disease, mental health and addictions, life expectancy, education and imprisonment – in all these areas Maori bear an unfair burden. Maori children are 23 times more likely than European children to suffer rheumatic fever Maori have 50% higher rate of mental illness than non-Maori Maori life expectancy is 8 years lower than European life expectancy One in four Maori males have spent some time in prison One in four Maori young people are unemployed Maori students make up disproportionate share of the children left behind by our education system.[10] The modifications between sex and gender needs investigating into the historical context in which understandings about gender have arose eventually. knowing that gender is a concept informed by social structures makes an chance to discover how gender is measured on a range, typically between masculine and feminine but with many mixtures in between.it is also important to recognize that traditional ideas about the gender are challenged and reframed as society improves. the idea of how power relationships show themselves in relation to gender has been discovered, in particular how power contributes to understanding of health, health inequalities and the way in which health services are delivered.[11] The significance of observing ethnic disparities over time has been confirmed by the Ministry of health (Ministry of Health 2007).Understanding better maori health and reducing inequalities are key intentions in numerous health and disability strategies. The capability to measure and observe maori health status, outcomes, and ethnic inequalities is essential to attaining these goals. Though the chasing of disparities are reduced. This embraces satisfying crown responsibilities, but also as maori communities have an ongoing interest and stake in quality data that allows for an improved and more complete understanding of health issues of interest and concern.[12] Some of the government’s main objectives, which monitors public sector policy and performance, is to minimized inequalities in education, employment, housing and health for all poor groups mainly for maori and pacific peoples and between men and women. The ministry of health’s formal requirements to contribute to the achievement of this goal is set out in its statement of intent (SOI), which is tabbed in Parliament with the budget.[13] As indicated by the ministry of health 2002.†District Health Board have a statutory responsibility for reducing health inequalities.(new Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000), which is reinforced through their main accountability documents-the crown funding agreements. These key health sector organizations have a powerful mandate to direct health resources as needed at the local level. District Health Boards and the ministry of health should negotiate and monitor service agreements with providers in such a way as to ensure service provision reduces inequalities in health†. These changes give us a selection of world views, with dissimilar morals and significances. The numerous groups may view health differently, each influenced by their collective experience, their customs and beliefs and their place in society. To increase health and reduce health inequalities, we must appreciate and value these dissimilarities and work with people to address their health priorities as they define them, in methods that will work for them.[14] Maintaining optimal health is a goal within society to provision the welfare of people and societies. There are number of elements that influence on it and may result in inequalities. There is overwhelming evidence that, within Aotearoa/NewZealand population live with disability. Government policies have been established to monitor accomplishment in addressing health and disability needs and redressing differences through society.[15] Minimizing inequalities in health proposes principles that must be beneficial to whatever arrangements we commence in the health area to assure that those activities advantage to overcome health inequalities. We should be enterprise the source explanations of health inequalities, the social, economic and historical factors that regulate health. We must directing material, psychological and behavioral issues that enable the impact of fundamental issues on health .We should assume definite actions within health and disability services and diminish the influence of disability and illness on socioeconomic position.[16] Concluding the gap in a generation approves that achievement in the social areas affecting health is important if the health status of different groups of people is to be made equal. The main endorsements are putting main importance on primary child growth and education. Cultivating living and working conditions, creating social protection policy supportive of all and creating conditions for a successful older life.[17] References: Shaw, S. Deed,B.(2010).Health and Environment in Aotearoa/New Zealand.South Melbourne victoria Australia:Oxford University Press Ellison-Loschmann,L.Pearce,N.(2006).Improving access to healthcare among new zealand’s maori population.96(4)612-617 Ministry of Health.(2002).Reducing inequalities in health.wellington new zealand King,A.(2000).The new Zealand health strategy discussion document.Ministry of Health Ibid. Ellison-Loschmann,L.Pearce,N.(2006).Improving access to healthcare among new zealand’s maori population.96(4)612-617 Maori bear an unfair burden of the impact of inequality.Retrieved from:http//:closertogether.org.nz/maori-and-inequality. Shaw, S. Deed,B.(2010).Health and Environment in Aotearoa/New Zealand.South Melbourne victoria Australia:Oxford University Press Cormack,D.Harris,R.(2009).Issues in monitoring maori health and ethnic disparities:an update.University of otago.7-8.Retrieved from:http://external-file/ethnicity%20%.pdf. Ministry of Health.(2002).Reducing inequalities in health.wellington new Zealand Ministry of Health.(2002).Reducing inequalities in health.wellington new Zealand Shaw, S. Deed,B.(2010).Health and Environment in Aotearoa/New Zealand.South Melbourne victoria Australia:Oxford University Press Ministry of Health.(2002).Reducing inequalities in health.wellington new Zealand Public Health Association of New Zealand(2008).Health Inequalities.Retrieved from:http://external-file/PHANews0810.pdf.2 [1] Shaw, S. Deed,B.(2010).Health and Environment in Aotearoa/New Zealand.South Melbourne victoria Australia:Oxford University Press [2] Ibid. [3] ibid [4] Ellison-Loschmann,L.Pearce,N.(2006).Improving access to healthcare among new zealand’s maori population.96(4)612-617 [5] Ministry of Health.(2002).Reducing inequalities in health.wellington new zealand [6] King,A.(2000).The new Zealand health strategy discussion document.Ministry of Health [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Ellison-Loschmann,L.Pearce,N.(2006).Improving access to healthcare among new zealand’s maori population.96(4)612-617 [10] Maori bear an unfair burden of the impact of inequality.Retrieved from:http//:closertogether.org.nz/maori-and-inequality. [11] Shaw, S. Deed,B.(2010).Health and Environment in Aotearoa/New Zealand.South Melbourne victoria Australia:Oxford University Press [12] Cormack,D.Harris,R.(2009).Issues in monitoring maori health and ethnic disparities:an update.University of otago.7-8.Retrieved from:http://external-file/ethnicity%20%.pdf. [13] Ministry of Health.(2002).Reducing inequalities in health.wellington new Zealand [14] Ministry of Health.(2002).Reducing inequalities in health.wellington new Zealand.6 [15]Shaw, S. Deed,B.(2010).Health and Environment in Aotearoa/New Zealand.South Melbourne victoria Australia:Oxford University Press [16] Ministry of Health.(2002).Reducing inequalities in health.wellington new Zealand [17] Public Health Association of New Zealand(2008).Health Inequalities.Retrieved from:http://external-file/PHANews0810.pdf.2

Cyrus Hall McCormick :: Biography Biographies

Cyrus Hall McCormick The mechanical reaper. A time-saving invention which allowed farmers to more than double their crop size while at the same time spurring other innovations in farm machinery. This reaper, which combined all the steps that earlier harvesting machines had performed separately, was the brilliant innovation of a man, a man named Cyrus Hall McCormick. Born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, Cyrus was son to a man who's imagination also boggled with new inventions. As a child, Cyrus experimented with different tools in hopes of inventing something which would simplify his father's job. Finally, in 1831, he built his first reaper. Succeeding where his father had failed, Cyrus made some adjustments to his machine before patenting his invention in 1834. At around the same time (1833), a man by the name of Obed Hussey announced a the construction of a reaper of his own. The year was 1840, and by this time, McCormick had started to manufacture his creation and sold it for the first time in Virginia. The reaper's marketing did very well, and it's sales had expanded to other parts of the United States by 1844. Because of it's efficiency, the horse-drawn reaper allowed farmers to harvest five times the regular 2 acre per day amount that skilled workers used to harvest. In 1847, the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company was moved to Chicago. Location, ease of distribution, and reputation were all factors which convinced McCormick that Chicago was the place for him. "Centrally located in the Midwest, he used the Great Lakes to transport reapers to the East, and the Mississippi River to transport to the South."* What more, as industries grew in the Windy City, Chicago soon turned into a major railroad central in the 1850's. This added to the distribution potential which McCormick needed to ship his reapers out to other parts of the US. The company's success thrived under the name McCormick Harvesting Machine Company until McCormick's death in 1884. By this time, McCormick's company had grown to become one of greatest industrial establishments in the United States. Chicago newspapers were bragging about his success and other companies awed at the pace of development. Shortly after his death, the company had a "face-lift." It's name changed to the International Harvester, and sales slowed down from it's initial boom. In 1907, the company produced the Auto Buggy. With this machine, farmers were able to haul their goods to the markets.

Personal Narrative - Flying on the Wings of Love Essay -- Personal Nar

Flying on the Wings of Love The seat rumbled in the window seat of the plane. I looked out across the wing at the tiny men running frantically around in their orange vests. I started thinking about where I was about to go and my palms started to sweat. "Oh no" I thought to myself as I felt my body tensing. I was getting nervous although I had no clue about how my life was about to change. The plane began to move. We were taking off. With each minute, and each thought, I became more and more anxious. I looked out the window. The ground moved faster and faster, soon the gravel began to look like blurry streaks and suddenly the plane lifted. My mind cleared and I just watched... I looked down upon the tiny little towns, my nose pressed up against the cold, plastic window, and my imagination took over... I began to dream of living in foreign lands. A huge mansion on a vineyard property perhaps. The sunshine pouring through my window every morning. I then pictured myself getting up, putting on a silk robe and walking downstairs. The scent of grape blossoms ...

Giving Feedback Essay

Giving feedback to a classmate in a distance learning environment would be different from giving face to face feedback in many ways such as with distant learning you have to be sure to provide detailed information so that your classmate will understand. When providing feedback to a distant learner you have to be sure your words are used carefully try to critique the feedback as if you were the classmate an see what reaction you would give. When providing feedback face to face I am able to see the user’s reaction to the discussion. I also feel that when providing feedback face to face you feel a little more comfortable. Also, when providing feedback face to face I am able to see the user’s reaction to the discussion. Typically when I speak on a subject with someone I likeface to face coverag so I am able to see a reaction t our discussion. why I chose the OLS giving feedback to a classmate in a distance learning environment be different from giving face-to-face feedback 80% of communication is by the tone of voice we use, facial expression and in body language. Only 20% is in the words. If in a distance learning environment you have to very carefully pick your words so as to not be misunderstood or give offence. If face-to-face you could instantly see that soemone has misunderstood what you’re saying and could change it accordingly. Both however require honesty and openness. The usual best way of giving feedback is the â€Å"sandwich technique† – you say something good, then tell what they could improve on (never say they did something wrong), and finish on a positive; something like: â€Å"I really liked the way you wrote that story. I wouldn’t have minded if there had been more dialogue and less description, but overall I think you got the message over really well†. When you’re commenting on a post from someone, one tip you want to remember is your online tone is harder to distinguish than a face to face tone. Emoticons and jokes may seem juvenile, but they may keep a joke from being taken seriously. Also, in MS Word, when you’re reading someone’s paper, you can highlight a phrase, click insert comment, and comment away and it shows up very clearly what part of the paper you would like to comment on or edit. Save it with the comments and email it back to them.

Capital Punishment: Death Penalty Essay

The word â€Å"Death† itself scares a lot of people, but to get death penalty as one of their punishments sounds really terrifying and grows lots of questions and opinions. Death Penalty has been one of the most controversial social matters, since the early colonization period, in the United States. Whether it serves as a justified form of capital punishment or takes innocent peoples life, death penalty has continually produced a steaming debate. Death Penalty has a long history, starting the eighteen century B.C., when the first death penalty was established during the Babylon era (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). But, death penalty was already carried out during the early fourteenth century and the seventh century. During this time period, death penalty was the answer to all the crimes committed. Several methods of death penalty during the early century were beating to death, execution, burning alive, drowning and etc. (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012) . It was the most usual form of punishment that had no laws or regulations placed on them. Britain’s Colonization in the United States in the 1600’s brought several changes as well as the idea of death penalty. Death penalty was one of the most practiced forms of punishment during the colonization period. Captain Kendall, from Jamestown colony in Virginia was the first one to be executed in early 1600 (ACKER, 2003). Many believed that captain Kendall was a spy for Spain. During the Colonial Period, death penalty was implemented for minor offenses such as stealing, killing chickens and etc. As history explains how effective the death penalty was carried out, today’s society reflects a different perspective and mixed opinions about the issue of death penalty. The issue of death penalty reveals both positive and negative perception. Some extremist still believe that death penalty remains an effective method of punishment, whereas many other argue that it is immoral, u nconstitutional, expensive and doesn’t deter the crime. Extremist supportive of capital punishment might argue that death penalty is the only answer to higher offenses such as murder, rape and such. Likewise someone against the idea of capital punishment might think it is immoral to execute someone and to take someone’s life for the crime they did is not rational.  This argument will always keep on moving and we will never reach a definite opinion, where death penalty is still carried out in our country. Britain’s colonization introduced the idea of death penalty to Americans, but during the late 18th century, many Americans began to question whether the death penalty should still be imposed on minor crimes such as stealing, burglary. The colonies also found influential opinions in newspapers and other writings about death penalty. Cesare Beccaria’s Essay on Crimes and Punishment in 1764 influenced many Europeans and Americans (Banner, 2003). The essay brought positive attributes about the death penalty towards the Americans and changed they mentality towards the death penalty. As a result, several European nations abolish death penalty. American intellect uals such as Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin were also influenced by the writing of Beccaria. The executed the ideas mentioned in the writing and implemented several laws and regulation on death penalty. Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish death penalty for robbery, burglary and killing of animals (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Several years later, Pennsylvania also cancelled death penalty for every other offense except first degree murder. The abolishment movement in Pennsylvania led to several states to reconsider capital punishment. In 1846, Michigan, Rhode Island and Wisconsin abolished the death penalty for all crimes, except treason (Bohm, 1999). American abolition movement was gaining major support during the late eighteenth century, but there were several other states, still practicing capital punishment and implementing more capital offenses, especially for the slaves. During the movement, nine states abolished the death penalty for all crimes or placed strict limitation on it. (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012) The early and mid-nineteenth century saw decline in American abolition movement due to World War 1. During this period, there was a rise of Russian Revolution and Fascism. Americans were more worried about the threat of Russian Revolution and had just entered the war. The war created a social class conflicts, as many socialist were more worried about the challenge to capitalism. Due to the increasing revolution in Russian and capitalism, several states reinstated the death penalty by 1920 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). In 1924, Nevada introduced the use of cyanide gas to execute its inmate. Gee Jon was the first person executed by lethal gas (Center, History  of the Death Penalty, 2012). During the 1930’s execution rate hit its highest peak in American History, averaging 167 a year (Bohm, 1999). After the war and revolution, many European nations abolished the death penalty and as a result, Americans diverted their attentions towards capital punishment. In 1966, support for capital punishment reached an all-time low. A Gallup poll showed support for the death penalty at only 42% (Bohm, 1999). There have been a numerous cases regarding death penalty, which has contributed enormously, on how death penalty is viewed constitutionally in the Supreme Court. The first Supreme Court case was a case about federal kidnapping statue requiring that the death penalty be imposed only upon a recommendation of a jury. It was a case between U.S. v. Jackson in 1968, where the court held that this practice was unconstitutional (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Similarly, one of the most landmark cases in death penalty history was a case between. Where the Supreme Court effectively voids 40 death penalty cases and suspends the death penalty in June, 1972. Years later, there were lots of talks about, how Furman v. Georgia states that only specific death penalty was unconstitutional (Union, 2011). After much debate, the U.S. Supreme Court ope ns the door to states to rewrite their death penalty statue. Many states started writing a sentencing guideline for the judge and jury when deciding whether to impose death penalty. The Supreme Court approved most of the guidelines in 1976 in Gregg v. Georgia and reinstated death penalty in Florida, Georgia and Texas (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Several other cases have laid a foundation for death penalty laws and statue. In Ford v. Wainwright (1986), the Supreme Court stated that execution of an insane, mentally challenged person is unconstitutional therefore this practice was banned (Union, 2011). Likewise, another case of Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988) stated that execution of offenders age fifteen and younger at the time of other crimes is unconstitutional (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Since its re-instatement to the constitution, there have been quite a few states pushing to end capital punishment. New York’s death penalty law was declared unconstitutional by the state’s high court in June 2004 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Also, New Jersey became the first state to legislatively abolish capital punishment since it was re-instated in 1976 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Even though, the Supreme Court  states that the death penalty is constitutional under certain circumstances, many states have all the rights to rewrite their death penalty law. To every issue, we always come up with an argument or sometimes we agree with the decision we make. Likewise, we might have majority of people stating that the death penalty is constitutional and will deter crime in a long run. But, many people believe that death penalty isn’t that answer to deter crime and it’s unconstitutional to someone’s life. We have had lots of statistics and useful information, which supports both arguments. Since, reinstating the death penalty, many have argued that the death penalty kills innocent people. Many people believe that the criminal justice system and the legal procedure system of this country aren’t effective enough. According to ACLU, â€Å"Since 1973, 138 death row prisoners have been released because they were innocent.† That number s ounds really excruciating and explains how death penalty is really not the answer. At least 10 people have been executed since 1976, even though they were innocent. Much has to do with wrongful evidence, false confession, mistaken eyewitness and such, American Civil Liberties Union explains that death penalty is racially biased and punishes the poor. Most defendants are poor and cannot afford qualified attorney to oversee their case. As a result, the defendant pleads guilty, thinking it would get them out of death penalty. Many believe that death penalty is much more expensive that life without parole because death penalty requires long and complex judicial process. According to NBER, the extra cost of capital trials was &1.6 million from 1982-1997. The recent study by the Urban Institute predicted that the lifetime cost to taxpayers for the capitally prosecuted cases in Maryland since 1978 will be $186 million (Costs of the Death Penalty, 2011). Since the state reinstated the death penalty, there have been five executions taken place. Mathematically, the cost of every execution was about $32 million. As the numbers explain how death penalty is much more expensive, that amount could have been utilized in different sectors of infrastructure rather than death penalty. California is another state with higher death penalty cost. Since 1978, the average cost of death penalty in California has been over $4 billion (Ellis, 2011). California’s Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice reported that out of the $4 billion, pretrial and trails cost about $1.94 billion and the cost of incarceration is $1 billion. California has conducted 1.940 capital  cases, with every case estimated to be around $1 million (Center, THE DEATH PENALTY IN 2011:YEAR END REPORT, 2011). There has been numerous capital cases in New Jersey resulted in death penalty. Since the state reinstated the death penalty in 1982, it has spent #253.3 million in death penalty cases. Besides Maryland, California and New Jersey, other states such as Kansas estimated that the cost of death penalty case in 70% more than comparable non-death penalty case (Costs of the Death Penalty, 2011). When it comes to execution, every inmate on a death row is offered to pick their choice of execution. There is no limit placed on type of execution that can be performed with lethal injection to firing squad. Electrocution, gas chamber and hanging are other three methods of execution offered to an inmate depending on the state’s legation. New York was the first state to consider lethal injection in 1888 (Stewart, 2011). Today about 35 states use this method of execution. During lethal injection, the inmate is injected with sodium thiopental, which puts inmate to sleep. Next, Pancuronium bromide is injected which paralyzes the entire muscular system and the inmate stops breathing. Finally, the flow of potassium chloride stops breathing. Charles Brooks of New York was the first person to be executed by lethal injection. After the invention of lethal injection, New York wanted to introduce something more humane to execute the inmate. As a result, Electrocution was introduced by New York in 1888 and years later executed William Kemmler in 1890 (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). The electric chair execution requires the person to be seated in the chair with belts around his chest, legs and arms. A metal skullcap electrode is attached to the scalp and forehead. After every tool has been connected to the person, a jolt of between 50 and 200 volts is given to the person. This process continues until the person is dead. Today, only Nebraska uses electric chair as the sole method of execution, while 9 other states provide as an alternative method (Stewart, 2011). Another method of execution is the gas chamber, which was introduced in 1924 in Nevada (ACKER, 2003). For execution by this method, the person is tied to a chair in a chamber. As instructed, the executioner flicks a leveler that releases crystals of sodium cyanide into the pail, situated below the chair. This causes a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen cyanide gas. Arizona, California, Missouri and Wyoming currently authorizes gas chamber as a method of  execution. In recent history only two inmates have been executed by firing squad, both in Utah: Gary Gilmore (1977) and John Albert Taylor (1996) (Stewart, 2011). Depending upon the choice of the inmate, only 3 states, Idaho, Utah and Oklahoma currently use Firing squad a method of execution. For this type of execution, the inmate is placed on a chair with belts around him and a black hood to cover his head. A doctor marks a white target spot around his heart, where the executioner from 20 feet away tries to aim the spot, resulting in execution of the inmate. Hanging was the primary method of execution used in the United States and is still used in Delaware and Washington, although both have lethal injection as an alternative method of execution (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Before the execution, the prisoner’s hands and legs are secured, and the prisoner is blindfolded, and the noose is placed around the neck, with the knot behind the left ear. The execution takes place when the trap door is opened and the prisoner falls down. The prisoner’s weight should cause a rapid fracture-dislocation of the neck. Currently, Delaware, New Hampshire and Washington are the only three states still using hanging as a method of execution, alternative to lethal injection, depending upon the choice of the inmate (Stewart, 2011). Compared to the early eighteenth and nineteenth century, death penalty is still practiced in the United States but the public support is diminishing. A majority of the U.S. public now prefers alternatives over the death penalty as the best punishment for the crime of murder. Compared to 98 execution in 1999 and 37 in 2008, executions have declined as well. In 2010, there were only 46 executions and 43 in 2011 (Center, THE DEATH PENALTY IN 2011:YEAR END REPORT, 2011). Death sentences have also declined sharply since 1990’s. There were only 78 death sentences in 2011, a decline of about 75%, compared to 315 death sentences in 1996.Compared to 47 death sentences in 1999; Texas had a massive drop to only 8 death sentences in 2011. California, the state with the largest death row had more than half death sentences this year- only 10 compared with 24 in 2010 (Center, THE DEATH PENALTY IN 2011:YEAR END REPORT, 2011). According to Gallup poll in 2011, 61% of the total population favors death  penalty. Even though, more than half of the citizens think death penalty should be continued, there have been continuous developments in the banning of capital punishment (Center, History of the Death Penalty, 2012). Many states are trying to replace death penalty with other form of punishment. In March 2009, Governor Bill Richardson signed legislation to abolish the death penalty in New Mexico, replacing it with life without parole. Two years later, Governor Pat Quinn from Illinois also signed legislation in March 2011, replacing death penalty with life without parole (ACKER, 2003). Also four other states in the past four years have already abandoned the death penalty altogether. Personally, the death penalty law in the United States should be abolished, in consideration to its expensive cost and wrong convictions to innocent person. Abolishing death penalty or replacing it with other punishment would only bring positive incentives to the community. Resources spent on death penalty can be used to expand the resources available for education, rehabilitation program, and drug treatment program and crime prevention. The death penalty is a scary theory for a lot of Americans. People who are convicted of crimes they have not committed have always shown in large numbers. That is why people feel that morally, the death penalty is too harsh, even if you find new evidence in a crime, and are able to free a wrongly convicted person, if you use the death penalty, then you can just bring that person back to life. Like all other politically debated topics, it is difficult to find a middle ground for people to rely upon. As for today, states are making it more and more difficult to keep the death penalty instated. Bibliography Costs of the Death Penalty. (2011). Retrieved from Death Penalty Information Center: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/costs-death-penalty ACKER, J. R. (2003). THE DEATH PENALTY: AN AMERICAN HISTORY. Retrieved 2012, from The University of Hawaii System: http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The%20Death%20Penalty%20%20An%20American%20History.pdf Banner, S. (2003). The Death Penalty: An American History. Harvard University Press. Bohm, R. M. (1999). Deathquest:an introduction to the theory and practice of capital punishment in the United States. Anderson Publication Company. Center, D. P. (2011, December). THE DEATH PENALTY IN