Honour and Loyalty in “to Kill a Mockingbird”

Throughout the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, Harper Lee presented many examples to the reader regarding honour and loyalty. Harper developed the traits of honour and loyalty through her portrayal of the characters; Atticus Finch, Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley, and Calpurnia. Atticus Finch was a distinguished symbol of honour and loyalty. He was a man who honoured his well-kept reputation in the town of Macomb and stayed loyal to the people close to him. One example of Atticus’ honourable character was when Bob Ewell committed the fallacious act of spitting in his face. Atticus kept full composure, and walked away, instead of fighting with Bob. This showed how Atticus did not want his reputation in Macomb to diminish. He explained to Jem that he had â€Å"destroyed his (Bob Ewells’) last shred of credibility at that trial† (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 218). He also explained to Jem how â€Å"spitting in my face and threatening me saved Mayella Ewell one extra beating† (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 218) . This demonstrated honour in Atticus as he cared for Mayella, putting aside how harshly she had treated Atticus and Tom Robinson in the past. Loyalty was displayed when Atticus made the vital decision to take on the Tom Robinson case. He fully defended Tom no matter what others would say. Atticus took the case for another reason; he believed in equality and thought that black and white people were to be treated equally. Atticus honoured Ms. Dubose and showed respect by speaking kindly of her all the time. Although the children told Atticus how she treated them, he still greeted Ms. Dubose; â€Å"good evening Ms. Dubose! You look like a picture this evening. † (Harper Lee, 1960, P. 109). It took great honour for Atticus to be this respectful towards Ms. Dubose, considering how disrespectfully she treated Jem and Scout. Read also  How Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finch’s Closing Speech? Another character who showed honour and loyalty in â€Å"To a Kill a Mockingbird† was Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley. During the initial stages of the novel, Boo kept leaving little things in the tree for the children to take. He was acting honourable and trying to befriend them, as they acted seemed of him. Additionally, Boo put a blanket around Scout during the fire. At first, Scout thought it was Jem who had put the blanket around her, but when she found out it was Boo, she was surprised, and started to think differently of him. Jem told Scout that she was â€Å"so busy looking at the fire, she didn’t now it when he put the blanket around her† (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 72). Arthur Radley was honourable towards the Finch family by killing Bob Ewell. Bob had caused many problems for the Finch family, and was the cause of Tom Robinson’s death, which followed after the court case. His actions proved as justice for the Tom Robinson Case, as well as for the assa ult on the children (which left Jem with a broken arm). Lastly, Calpurnia was also a significant character in this novel who illustrated honour and loyalty. She took Jem and Scout to an African American church. The children were not welcomed warmly. Calpurnia stayed loyal to the children, and fully defended them when everyone else wanted them out. A woman from the church was displeased with the fact that Calpurnia had brought these children to their church. Immediately, Calpurnia backed the children, saying that there was absolutely no difference between white or black people, so the children were to have every right to stay in the church. As a â€Å"mother figure†, Calpurnia was a very good influence on both of the children, she taught them how to be honourable to people, and to respect others. When Walter Cunningham went over to the Finch’s for supper, Scout made a comment on the way Walter was pouring syrup all over his dinner. Calpurnia took Scout straight to the kitchen and told her that â€Å"Yo‘ folks might be better’n the Cunningham’s but it don’t count for nothin’ the way you’re disgracin‘ ’em† (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 31). After the stern vituperation, Scout went back to the table and was more respectful towards Walter. Calpurnia had also worked with the Finch family for much of her life, which showed her loyalty for them, and the respect she had gained from Atticus. After Calpurnia was told to leave the Finch home, Atticus strongly defended her by telling Alexandra that she was a â€Å"faithful member of the family and she’d (Alexandra) would have to accept things the way they were. † (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 147) In conclusion, Atticus Finch, Boo Radley, and Calpurnia were three significant characters who clearly demonstrated honour and loyalty throughout â€Å"How to Kill a Mockingbird†. They also played important roles in helping the children to become loyal and honourable.

Publius Virgilius Maro Essay

Aside from Christianity there is no other force that shaped Western civilization other than the Greco-Roman culture. And there is no better representation of that period in history other than Rome and Publius Viirgilius Maro, also known as Virgil. A closer examination of Virgil and his works made many to realize that Virgil was a byproduct of events and it is the twin forces of the Roman Empire and Greek history that prompted Virgil to write. This paper will look into the two factors that influenced the writing of Publius Virgilius Maro. This can be done by looking first at the events that transpired before Virgil began writing and this means tracing back Greek and Roman history. The second way of knowing the connection between history and Virgil’s writings is to dig into his works and of course this means analyzing the Aeneid. It will be shown later that it is Roman history and Homer that shaped Virgil to become the writer that he was destined to be. Rome After more than two thousand years the world is still mesmerized by Rome. It is because of its legacy, it military prowess, and form of government. Rome was without equal when it comes to how it help shape Western history. Yet in the early days of Roman history there is not much to see. There is nothing that could make an outsider ascertain its potential to be a dominant ruler of known world in antiquity. Ting Morris traced its early development in obscurity and he remarked, â€Å"Rome began around 2,800 years ago as a few small settlements on wooded hills overlooking the Tiber River† (4). But then Rome began to distance itself from the Latin communities from which it was supposed to be a part of. What happens next began a series of development that will catapult this small community into the world map, â€Å"†¦the roman Republic conquered first Latium, then all of Italy. The Romans annexed much foreign territory to their own state, but they also established a system of alliances with all other states. This gave the Romans a vast reserve of manpower that allowed them to overthrow every major power in the Mediterranean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mackay, 40). A new age has come and a new military superpower was born. But when the Romans began to assimilate remnants of Alexander’s Empire, the new European power came face to face with an ancient civilization whose insight into religion, politics, and philosophy was far ahead of its time. In short the Romans, â€Å"†¦ recognized something in Greek culture that was more impressive than anything Rome itself achieved, in spite of Rome’s unprecedented military success† (Cox). At this point Rome was all brute force. Yes the soldiers led by the Caesars were brave, strong and are very eager to make their mark in the battlefield but when it comes to culture, the Romans were barbarians compared to the Greeks. The Romans discovered an effective methodology in fighting wars and they even had the distinct advantage of knowing how to build an empire out of disparate tribes and nations. They were experts in campaigns that require traveling far from home and yet they lack one more thing. They did not have a good system that can be put in place after victory. This is similar to the idea that it is easy to start a war but the more difficult thing to do is how to end it. So when Rome began to feel the success of empire building the more that they felt the need for a way of life that will enhance their reputation in Europe while at the same time offer them an opportunity to enjoy life more. They found the answer from the sophisticated Greeks. Virgil The Romans had to learn from the Greeks and their history can be characterized not only by empire building but also by the why they incorporated Greek thought and the Greek’s way of life into their own unique system. Now there is none better who understood the need for assimilating Greek culture than the Roman intellectuals of that time. In fact, â€Å"Among the adaptors of Greek culture, none was more brilliant †¦ than the poet Virgil. He faced a formidable challenge. Everyone who encountered Greek culture recognized how much it was shaped by Homer† (Cox). This means that there is a great need to surpass Homer and if this is not possible then at least equal Homer’s genius. If this can be achieved then the Romans had done something which other Greek imitators failed to do and that is to provide a great explanation for their existence. A myth has to be created, a legend has to be made and the purpose for such an endeavor is obvious. There is a need for something that will hold the empire together. At the time of writing the Aeneid, Rome was again in the cusp of revolution. Julius Caesar was defeated by Augustus Caesar and so steps must be made to consolidate his power and to strengthen the arm of the new emperor. For a brilliant man like Virgil, times like this one is an opportunity that must be grabbed by both hands. Virgil proceeded to hit two birds with one stone. First he would write an epic that will explain the origins of Rome. He will do so by using stories that are already familiar among the people that he wants to see united under Augustus Caesar and during that time there was no other story quite like the one weaved by Homer centuries before. Virgil saw that epic struggle for good and evil; battles between heroes; and the self-sacrificial behavior of some heroes simply because they believe in something higher than themselves proved to be a formula hard to resist. Virgil was ready to accept the challenge. But it is clear from the beginning that it would not be an easy task. Aside from that Homer is a world unto itself. And as they say there is no way one can improve on perfection, the Iliad and the Odyssey are the blueprints for creating great epics and so what else can be done to make it better. Virgil was able to solve this problem by being inventive and by starting where Homer ended his story. When Troy fell, one of her sons went on to build another kingdom. But then again Virgil cannot escape the past. Virgil could not resist using a successful formula. As they say there is no need to fix what was broken. Judging from the power of the Iliad and the Odyssey to move people it is almost impossible not to use the same method and technique of telling a great story. And so Virgil copied many ideas from Homer. In the introduction to the Aeneid Levi Robert pointed out that: Virgil borrowed from Homer a great many items: his verse form, the division into twelve books, mythology, many episodes and similes. In the Aeneid Venus doubles for Nausicaa, Dido for Calypso and Circe, and Drances for Thersites. The funeral games the desecent into Hades, where Aeneas meets Dido as Odysseus met Ajax, the prophecy of Anchises, the catalogue of ships, Turnus attempt to burn them, a broken truce †¦ a quarrel of two Italian leaders †¦ and a final single combat (Robert, xiii). Aeneid The Aeneid is basically the story of Aeneas, the god-like leader of a band of Trojan refugees fleeing to Italy after the fall of Troy. In the beginning, Aeneas built a fleet with the goal in mind of settling in a foreign land and to finally establish a new nation of Trojans. In Virgil’s mind, he wanted the world to understand the basis for the establishment of the Roman Empire. And there is nothing as perfect as that. Hornstein, Percy and Brown’s book, The Reader’s Companion to World Literature, was very helpful in understanding the context from which Virgil’s Aeneid was written, and they said that it was written at a time of conflict. Italy was ravaged by more than fifty years of revolution and civil war. When the long-sought peace came, a new form of government was fashioned from a battle weary nation. And with the new set-up, ultimate power was in the hands of one man- Augustus Caesar. It was during this time that the Roman Virgil began working on the Aeneid. Hornstein, Brown and Percy wrote: Vergil began the poem in 29 B. C. , two years after the battle of Actium brought this period of civil war to an end. He had long been preparing for the task. His purpose was national: he desired to glorify the Roman people by his theme and exalt the Emperor in the person of his hero. (5) Homer Putnam acknowledge that Virgil is under the towering shadow of Homer when he made this judgment, â€Å"Homer himself, against whose essential insights into humanity, Virgil’s own achievement will always be measured. † Homer’s success allowed him to set the standard upon which others who will come after him will be forced to measure up. Allen Mandelbaum tells of how his previous study prevented him from fully appreciating Virgil’s works and he said, â€Å"One was a tag line of mark Van Doren that echoed through my youth with tenacious resonance: ‘Homer is a world; Virgil, a style’. † It also did not help that the critics saw Virgil as copying Homer, Gaskell said, â€Å"The overall plan of Virgil’s epic was plainly Homeric, with its main elements reversed: now the odyssey of the man comes first and the armed fighting follows it: but the Homeric parallels are many and obvious. † (161). The only major difference was that Homer was illiterate and therefore had to express the beauty of his poetry in oral reform. On the other hand Virgil was literate and he could study Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey in written form as well as compose his own epic and was able to write it down. This explains the difference in style but all the more strengthens the view that Virgil was strongly influenced by Homer. Conclusion Now the pieces of the puzzle begin to fall down into its proper places and one can now see the bigger picture. It was mentioned earlier that it was in 168 BC when the Romans began to conquer the remnants of Alexander’s Empire and it is through the conquest of former Greek states that the Romans saw first hand the beauty that was Greece. In short the highly militaristic Romans lacked the cultural refinements that one can find in abundance in Greek societies. It is through the process of incorporating Greek culture into the Roman’s way of life that they rediscovered the power of Homeric poetry. It took the genius of Virgil to use Homer’s works and use it as the foundation for his own epic. And so in 29 BC Virgil began writing the Aeneid with the purpose of emulating what Homer has achieved in Greece. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey provided a sense of identity for all Greeks and Virgil was hoping to achieve the same results. But the desire to incorporate Greek life into Roman life is easier said than done. But everyone who will try to copy from someone begins by copying almost everything that one can see and the eye can appreciate. For instance the Romans copied the design of their temples and they also described their gods using the same attributes found in Greek society. But there is no need to worry because the Roman changed the Greek sounding names of their gods into Roman names for their statues. Virgil attempted to accomplish two major things when he wrote the Aeneid. He wanted to impress the new emperor (Augustus Caesar) and secondly he wanted to have a unique Roman epic that will help unite the people. Virgil was successful in achieving both. The hero of the Aeneid was behaving in much the same way as Augustus Caesar especially with regards to his conquest and the subsequent creation of a new nation out of that sheer determination to succeed. Now for the second part, Virgil was also able to create an epic that can be comparable to Homer. It is true that he copied many things from Homer and yet at the same time his stories were never simply a rehash of what Homer did. Virgil simply needed an inspiration to get going and he found it in the character of Aeneas whom Homer briefly mentioned in his work. From this little known character, Aeneid began to build a story that made the peoples pulse to race. It was indeed an epic story of battles, of struggle between good and evil, of heroes who most of the time failed to achieve their potential and sometimes die a tragic death. The Aeneid is basically an explanation as to the existence of Rome. For many there is a need to have that kind of idea, that kind of emotional anchor in times of trouble. And there is no way to fully understand the impact of Aeneid towards the people of Rome. But one thing is sure Virgil’s work was able to unite the whole of the empire and is instrumental as to why the empire endured for so long. It is now very clear that that Virgil was influenced by historical events and the circumstances that surrounded his life. If there were two streams where these influences came from then Homer is a mighty source of inspiration while the politics and warfare in ancient Rome provided Virgil with more materials to use. In Rome’s struggle to carve out a nation in Europe was evident in Aeneid where the hero had to travel and faced with numerous risks just so he can establish a new nation. It was Homer who provided much influence for Virgil. If Homer did not produce the Iliad and Odyssey it is hard to imagine Virgil able to make his own. This is not to take away anything form the accomplishments of Virgil but it would be almost impossible for him to write beautifully without Homer as guide. Homer did not only provide the seed from which Virgil will grow a powerful story, Homer also provided the correct format. And so putting it all together it is now very clear that Virgil was a byproduct of the events that surrounded him. Yet even before he was born, Homer’s influence and genius was already felt in many parts of the Western world. When Virgil was still very young it is easy to imagine that he was already familiar with the Iliad and Odyssey and no doubt the stories found in those epics help to shape the way he thinks. Works Cited Appelbaum, Stanley. Ed. â€Å"The Aeneid by Vergil† Trans. Charles J. Billson. Canada: Dover Publications, 1995. Cox, John. Introduction to Virgil, The Aeneid. 2008. General Education at Hope College. 03 April 2008. < http://www. hope. edu/academic/ids/171/Aeneid. html Gaskell, Philip. Ed. â€Å"Landmarks in Classical Literature† Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1999. Hemminger, Bill. Exploring Ancient World Cultures: Rome. 1997. EAWC at University of Evansville. 02 April 2008. < http://eawc. evansville. edu/ropage. htm> Hornstein, L. H. , G. D. Percy, and Calvin S. Brown. Eds. â€Å"The Reader’s Companion to World Literature† New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1973. Knight, G. R. Wilson. Trans. â€Å"The Aeneid by Virgil† New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. , 1956. Mackay, Christopher. â€Å"Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. † New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Mandelbaum, Allen. Trans. â€Å"The Aeneid by Virgil† California: University of California Press, 1971. Morford, Mark P. O. and Robert J. Lenardon. â€Å"Classical Mythology† 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Morris, Ting. â€Å"Ancient Rome. † MN: Smart Apple Media, 2007.

Banking Software and Packages in Australia-Samples for Students

Technology has witnessed a number of transformations and advancements in the recent years. There are a number of tools and processes that are based on technology that have been implemented in the past. However, with the changes and transformations in technology, these tools and processes are also required to be upgraded. Such practices have allowed the business sectors to flourish at a rapid rate. One such industry is accounting and finance which has made an advanced use and application of technology and has been home to many transformations. There are a number of online retailers that have established their e merce websites and web applications to offer the services to the clients. Woolworths is one such Australian online retailer that deals in the product categories as groceries and household products. Organization structures make up for an essential part of the organizations. Woolworths has a three-layered architecture which prises of senior management at the top followed by middle level managers and department heads. The members of the operational team are placed at the last layer at the bottom (Woolworths, 2017). Human resources form an extremely important part of every organization. The success and failure of the organization and the projects that are carried out in the organization has a lot of dependence on the human resources. It is therefore required for the organizations to have an adequate culture and structure for enhanced employee satisfaction. There are issues of munication and collaboration that have been witnessed in case of the organizational structure that is followed at Woolworths. There are issues in terms of integration and cohesiveness that have also been observed (Henderson, 2004). In case of Woolworths, the information systems in the areas of accounting and finance can be acquired with the aid of a number of different methods. All of these methods have their respective sets of advantages and drawbacks. The one that fits the best is acquisition of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software (Yang and Tamir, 2015). The current issues with the organizational structure will be avoided with the same (Mallery, 2011). The sales process in the pany is executed in four different stages. The initiation of the sales activities takes place keeping the business goals and objectives at the baseline. Gradually, there are opportunities and agreements that are carried out and explored which leads to the fulfillment of the objectives and results in the customer satisfcation (Gulledge, 2002). Control and monitoring is a necessity for all the activities and operations in all the panies and organizations. In the department of sales, there are issues with control and monitoring that leads to the emergence of a number of frauds and problems (Mohapatra and Patnaik, 2011). There is an i plete validation and verification of the pliance with the best practices that is observed that leads to numerous deviations. The quality of the end-product is therefore adversely affected. Accounting processes were largely paper-based a couple of decades ago. Gradually, there were developments in the technological areas that were carried out which led to the development of the technologies being used in the accounting sector as well (Seethamraju, 2012). Today, there are automated processes and applications that are being used for the execution of accounting activities. These automated systems not only ease out the entire process but also make the processes faster and more accurate in nature (James, 2016). There are numerous vendors and service providers in the market that provide the accounting packages and applications (Afpbb, 2016). There are organizations that are actively making use of such applications which has led to the growth of such vendors to over 10,200. There are over 138,000 resources that work in these organizations and the growth rate of the entire sector is estimated to go up by 8% by the end of this year (Bankwest, 2015). There are many accounting software and applications that are available in the market. One of the integrated solutions that are being used widely is MYOB accounting software that offers the following features and benefits. Intuit QuickBooks is an accounting software package that offers increased levels of system qualities and functionalities that lead to enhanced user experience. It offers the following features and benefits. There are many accounting software and applications that are available in the market. One of the integrated solutions that are being used widely is Saasu accounting software. The package offers flexibility and scalability to the users with the following features and abilities.   Reckon is an accounting software package that offers increased levels of system qualities and functionalities that lead to enhanced user experience. It offers the following features and benefits. Xero is an accounting software package that offers increased levels of system qualities and functionalities that lead to enhanced user experience. It offers the following features and benefits. Software/Package - Intuit QuickBooks $50 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $12 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $15 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $5 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $9 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $99 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $21 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   $180 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   Depends upon the features that are acquired    $70 is the cost that the users will be required to pay to access the software for thirty days   Technology is an element that cannot be missed out or played with in the current times. There are various technological elements that are used in the field of accounts with accounting software and systems as the prime element. These systems include the automated set of features and functions. These shall be included in an organization after an in-depth planning and analysis of the operations and requirements. Advisoryhq , (2015) 5 Best Small Business Accounting Software in Australia. [online] AdvisoryHQ. Available at: https://www.advisoryhq /articles/5-best-small-business-accounting-software-in-australia/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Afpbb, (2016) The Australian Accounting Industry. [online] Afpbb.net.au. Available at: https://www.afpbb.net.au/Resources/TheAustralianAccountingIndustry.aspx [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Bankwest, (2015) Accounting Services Industry Report. 1st ed. [ebook] Bankwest. Available at: https://www.bankwest .au/cs/ContentServer%3Fpagename%3DFoundation/CS/Blob/Document%26id%3D1292539844555%26ext%3D.pdf+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Carey, M. (2015) Cloud Accounting Overview 2015: MYOB Essentials vs Xero vs Intuit QuickBooks Online vs Reckon One - Digital First. [online] Digital First. Available at: https://www.digitalfirst /2015-overview-cloud-accounting-software/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Crowder, C. (2016) [online] Techin.oureverydaylife . Available at: https://techin.oureverydaylife /disadvantages-accounting-software-1965.html [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Gulledge, T. (2002). Business process management: public sector implications. Business Process Management Journal, 8(4), pp.364-376. Henderson, L. (2004). Encoding and decoding munication petencies in project management ? an exploratory study. International Journal of Project Management, 22(6), pp.469-476. James, D. (2016) 7 accounting packages for Australian small businesses pared: including MYOB, QuickBooks Online, Reckon, Xero. [online] BIT. Available at: https://www.bit .au/Review/344651,7-accounting-packages-for-australian-small-businesses pared-including-myob-quickbooks-online-reckon-xero.aspx [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Mallery, M. (2011). Project Management Portal (PMP) from the University of Washington Information Technology Wiki - https://wiki.cac.washington.edu/display/pmportal/Project+Management+Portal. Technical Services Quarterly, 28(3), pp.365-367. Miller, K. (2016) Xero Review 2016 | Reviews, Ratings, plaints, parisons. [online] Merchant Maverick. Available at: https://www.merchantmaverick /reviews/xero-review/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Mohapatra, S. and Patnaik, A. (2011). Sustainability in HRIS implementation through effective project management. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 3(1), p.78. Myob, (2016) Online Accounting Software for Businesses | MYOB. [online] Myob . Available at: https://www.myob /au/accounting-software pare [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Ryan, E. (2016) The Evolution of Accounting Software: Past, Present and Future|. [online] Gaaaccounting . Available at: https://www.gaaaccounting /the-evolution-of-accounting-software-past-present-and-future/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Seethamraju, R. (2012). Business process management: a missing link in business education. Business Process Management Journal, 18(3), pp.532-547. Woolworths, (2017). Woolworths Supermarket - Buy Groceries Online. [online] Woolworths Online. Available at: https://www.woolworths .au/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Yang, Y. and Tamir, G. (2015). Offshore software project management: mapping project success factors. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 7(2), p.111.

Accounting assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Accounting assignment - Essay Example In particular, the financial ratios of WM Morrison (or â€Å"Morisson†) will be compared with Tesco. To further enhance analysis, of each of the four groups of ratios will be examined in rations to each other by taking consideration of the viewpoints of all corporate stakeholders. Tesco PLC is an international retailer, having a wider customer base than competitors that may just be operating in Britain. An international scope of business may be readily seen in its having higher amount of investments in terms of total assets as against competitors, which is of course matched by either total equity, or total liabilities or both. The typical local retailer in Britain is Morisson (WM Morisson, 2014a) which will be compared latter with Tesco on the assumption that the amount of investment could influence the level of profitability, liquidity and even investment rations. The company’s retailing business and associated activities could be found in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the United States, Malaysia, Thailand, Slovakia, South Korea, India and Turkey (Reuters, 2014b) The different ratios for analysis will analyse how Tesco has performed financially for the past four years and how it differs from those of its competitors on the average, of which one them in particular is WM Morisson. Performance is basically measured from the data taken from the income statements. The said income statement contains the essentially the revenues and expenses. The excess of revenues over expenses is called net income so that a profitable company should be able to have more revenues over that of expenses (Lee, 200; Pagach, et al; 2006; Porter and Norton, 2010). In this section however, the net income of the company would have viewed in relation to the figures coming from the balance sheet which include the total assets and total equity. When net income is related to

Inadequacies of accounting ratios as tools of financial analysis Essay

Inadequacies of accounting ratios as tools of financial analysis - Essay Example The multi-discriminant analysis and methodologies involving ratio disaggregation or decomposition such as DuPont analysis are commonly used as well for the purpose of financial analysis. Any user of financial statements must comprehend the limitations associated with ratio analysis. Ratios are attractive as they are simple and convenient. The ratios can only be as relevant as the data upon which they are based and the information with which they are compared. One glaring limitation of ratios is that they are based on historical cost convention, which can lead to limitations in measuring performance. By not incorporating information on changes in price, inaccurate assessments of the enterprise's financial condition and performance result. Also, all users must keep in mind that where estimated items (such as depreciation and amortization) are large and significant, income ratios lose some of their credibility. Income recognized before the end of the life of the business is just an approximation. In analyzing the income statement, the user should be aware of the various assumptions used in the computation of net income. As one writer aptly noted, "The physicist has lon g since conceded that the location of an electron is best expressed by a probability curve. Surely an abstraction like earnings per share is even more subject to the rules of probability and risk." (Cheney, 1971) Probably the greatest pitfall of ratio analysis is the difficult problem in achieving comparability of firms in a given industry. Achieving comparability among firms requires that the ratio analysis (1) identifies the basic differences existing in their accounting principles and procedures and be (2) flexible enough to adjust the balances (modify the raw data) to achieve comparability. In any peers group ratio analysis it is important to compare ratios to the industry average ratios to see how one company compares to its competitors or even to compare with similar companies or within industries. In US one often uses Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) or North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes as part of peer ratio analysis. Majors like Dun and Bradstreet provides "average" ratio levels for firms in a number of different industries. Deviation from the "industry norm" by a firm may indicate one of the following: 1) a strength in the firm, 2) a weakness in the firm, or 3) a difference in the operating characteristics between the firm and the "industry norm." One must realize that a ratio that is higher than the norm is not necessarily better. This is obviously true for the debt-equity ratio and perhaps less obviously true for the current ratio. A current ratio that is too low may indicate that the firm is not able to raise cash easily; a current ratio that is too high may indicate that the firm is not investing its funds in the most profitable assets (fixed asset investment is often more

Sun Microsystems Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sun Microsystems - Case Study Example Sun Microsystems have good financial capabilities and ideas how to improve its position and increase productivity. Sun Microsystems forecasts developments, predicts logical consequences, translates them into potential opportunities, and plans to capitalize on profitable alternatives. In the company, the assessment of market opportunity is closely linked to the innovative process. Market opportunity encourages innovation and stimulates and extends markets. In fact, the assessment of market opportunity may be considered one of the early phases of the total innovative process. Yet innovation is not equated with market opportunity. Innovation requires the supportive system of marketing resources to cultivate opportunity. Both the stimulation of a continuing flow of ideas and products that can better satisfy wants and needs, and the supply of a marketing system to support them, are requisites of opportunity realization (Annual Report 2007). International expansion and acquisition strategy allow Sun Microsystems to develop unique approach to marketing and boost sales. Jabbar developed a strategy that focused on five countries that were each potential billion-dollar-a-year markets for Sun's server business. They were Brazil, Spain, China, India and Italy. Shareholders were optimistic about Sun's potential for growth" (Jacobs and Ensign 2008, C 237). Thus, for Sun a philosophy that competition is essential for innovation. For management expects new developments to destroy existing product positions. Assuredly, firms want to secure future opportunities and "capture" markets. New products are developed for this purpose. Innovations result in two groups of forces, competitive and monopolistic. The monopolistic forces, or the delayed action of competition, offer the innovator incentives to innovate. The competitive features diffuse the benefits of past innovations into the public domain. This puts the innovator under pressure to make further innovations if he is to maintain his competitive advantage and the better-than-minimum profits that go with it. Innovation is, then, one of the competitive tools of the business firm. It is a major means of creating a differential advantage, albeit sometimes short-lived. In adjusting to change, and in attempting to meet the demands of the marketplace, it must be managed, and programmed innovation is becoming one of the foundations of business strategy (Hollensen 2007). This places additional pressure on management to understand more fully the process of managing change and programming innovation through manipulation of knowledge. Innovation approaches manageability when participation in the process becomes part of the continuing responsibility of all levels of management. Sun develops the appropriate environment and set of attitudes to encourage innovation. Only then can a firm hope to deploy its resources most profitably in order to meet the challenge of change. In novating firms face a range of possible marketing policies (Annual Report 2007). 2. The chief elements of Sun's strategy are acquisition strategy and investments, expended portfolio, reduced costs through unit volumes and consulting services. For Sun, innovation is a core of differentiation. This combination of strategic policies allows Sun to "improve operating income by nearly $1.2 billion" during the first half of 2007 (Sun

Describe and assess the listener's experience of two different Assignment - 1

Describe and assess the listener's experience of two different composition or two performances of the same composition - Assignment Example In this way, each epoch left its aims and values in music. This essay will focus on the art of Beethoven and Satie to show how different music can be in its aims and purposes. Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 is a legend in the world of classical music. It represents inner fight of as man who has to choose its further way in life. It is not surprising that the second title of the symphony is Fate. Beethoven’s fate is not the music for relaxation. It is dull of controversies and opposition which cannot leave anybody indifferent. The melody transforms from the nervous passages from the first movement to the calm and moderate moods in the second one. This music shows inner hesitation of people when they need to make their life choices. Gravy full chords in the beginning of the piece quickly transform into the light passages which remind thoughtfulness young people who cannot focus on the most important things in their lives. At the same time, the fate theme interrupts any light process in one’s thinking making everything more complicated. The second movement of the symphony is totally opposite to the first one. It reminds of a place when all people can feel calm. Harmony and calmness are two general values which are recognized by different world cultures and people. In this way, the symphony meets their standards and becomes universal in the context of global community. Overall, the music by Beethoven is never simple. It is full of controversy, hesitation and fear. At the same time, it represents great feeling of optimism, harmony and happiness. Perception of Beethoven depends on one’s mood to the great extent. All people are free to find reflections of their life problems in this complicated, controversial and beautiful music. Music by Erik Satie traces a totally different message for its listeners. For instance, Hypnomedie â„â€" 1 by Erik Satie is music of modernity. It is less certain than

Conceptual model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conceptual model - Assignment Example itage: intangibles circle, there are oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage; performing arts; social practices, rituals and festive events; knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; and finally, traditional craftsmanship. In this sense, the concept can be explained that different approaches are required to preserve these intangible heritages and their transmission to the generations to come. The relationship here is that, the tangible cultural buildings display the intangibles alongside the exhibits. However, different from the tangible heritage, which are developed during certain historical periods and are basically static over time, the intangible ones changes consistently as the society interacts with them (Parasuraman, 1985). The training and Legislation for the protection of culture and heritage is part and parcel of both the intangible and tangible cultural heritages. Legislation is the way forward in protecting cultural heritage. Through public awareness and training, governments can set up projects that safeguard the above. It is through the training and awareness of the public that the last circle of economic value and economic value techniques can be recognized. People will share on how to face conservation challenges and exchange ideas on preservation of both heritages of economic benefits (Parasuraman, 1985). In conclusion, valuation of culture is at the center of all the four concepts of the model, having a diversity of culturally-founded values and intentions. Due to the complexity of the facts, it is vital that whichever valuation that is devised, it must be balanced, transparent, and

Trainee Evaluation for Advocacy Council Inc Assignment

Trainee Evaluation for Advocacy Council Inc - Assignment Example This is probably meant to make the respondents become more open and provide information that could be used for the future improvement of the program (Fondern, 2006).   Instructions are indeed available at the beginning of the survey. The message here directs the respondents on the procedure of how the questionnaire is supposed to be filled. For instance, in the beginning, respondents are advised to circle as appropriate (Fondern, 2006).   Data in these survey is gathered by use of a questionnaire containing questions that the respondents are expected to answer. The questions are a structured in accordance with the objects of the evaluation process (Fondern, 2006).   The shortest item has only four words present. That is, â€Å"The presentation was clear.† The longest item, on the other hand, has eleven words. That is, â€Å"I have acquired knowledge that I can transfer to my practice† (Fondern, 2006).   There are thirteen items on the survey to be filled. However, based on the nature of the questions, the survey may take the respondent less than twenty minutes to complete. This is because some of the questions only require the respondent to circle as appropriate (Fondern, 2006).   Describe the statistical analysis that will most likely be utilized to analyze the various types of data acquired from the survey. It is possible that more than one analysis will be necessary! For example, frequencies, percentages, qualitative or perhaps all of these.   

How Have Changes In The World Economy Since 1945 Affected Room For Essay - 1

How Have Changes In The World Economy Since 1945 Affected Room For Maneuver Of Multinational Firms - Essay Example The World War of 1945 proved to be a massive disaster for world’s economy with its most effects on the European countries and Japan. These two countries were considered to be the greatest raw material suppliers throughout the world which significantly fell down in the war years. The countries who were not directly involved in the war were the gainers of the economy soon after the war as they fulfilled the gaps and needs of world economy in that crucial time. However, post war phase that is the recovery period from the war had been quite rapid and remarkable for the affected countries, the reasons being that the civilian production came to a halt in the war period and there was growth in the fields of metal working, engineering, chemical capacity etc that boomed during the period and was utilized in the peace time. The infrastructure of the countries was well established in the pre war phase and had to go through the repairs after the war. Additionally there was ample trained a nd knowledgeable human resource to be mobilized to improve and recover the conditions. All these reasons altogether along with the help from some undamaged countries like USA and Canada helped them in the recovery phase. It was seen after 5 years, in the available statistics of 1950 that the GNP and income levels of most of the affected countries was way more than it was in 10 years before the war in 1930s. USA had played a significant role in world economy after the world war. Right after the world war the European countries faced shortage of fuel, food and resources. The only country who could have helped them with its undamaged economy was USA, but to buy all these resources huge reserves of dollars were required and dollar shortage was faced. It seemed in that era that all the world’s resources were shifting from Europe to North American regions and the US economy boomed and it looked it would be impossible to catch up with such an economy which is richer in resources and is the hub of investment. This era give US the opportunity to utilize its resources to the maximum and US utilized this well. (POLLARD. 1997) Post World War II Period: After the Second World War many imbalances were seen in the world’s economy in technological advancements, investment and consumption policies etc. In the late 1950s the prices of primary commodities in the world started decreasing along with general fall in the world trade which led to accumulation of debts for many countries. These reasons mainly later on accounted for the economic crisis in 1970s. The poverty and problems increased in the world economy with an increasing trend of international division of labor introduced by the uncontrolled activities of multinationals all over the world. The result of this unequal distribution in the world’s economy lead to unequal and imbalanced international relationships among highly industrialized and experts and monopoly of industrial research and technology a nd peripheral countries which were dependent on few industries but were technologically controlled by the transnational companies. The most affected by these imbalances were the developing countries which paved ways to global world crisis in later years. (GONZALEZ, CAMPO URBANO & MESA.1984; TOLENTINO. 2000) The boom in the development of MNCs was a result to various important forces. The economic conditions prevailing in the post world war era were more nurturing. The bad experiences faced in 1930s provided the guidelines for not repeating the economical mistakes. The set of policies adopted were designed to rebuild, strengthen and restore the economies of affected countries during the World War. (COHEN. 2007) Role of USA: A few theorists argue that after 1945 the conditions to ‘

Letter to Hospital Adminstration Essay Example for Free

Letter to Hospital Adminstration Essay I am sure you are aware of some of the long standing problems which we are facing within our department and that the difficulties have only increased over the past several years.   The main problems within our division are staff incompetence and lack of resources, and many other difficulties spring from these points. The demands for improved patient services are obvious on hospital, local, state, and national levels, and yet financial and educational endeavors to support our department are pushed aside.    Staff members have been plunged into survival mode, patient care has plummeted, and morale is terrible. It is obvious that we are not practicing state of the art development, including having an overall vision and plan as well as plan implementation.   Ideas in regard to solutions have already been submitted to administration several times, and yet the sympathy we have received has not translated into action. Action is desperately needed in our department in order to provide real care to the patients we aim to serve.   The hospital has the responsibility to function as a dynamic system which operates for the wellbeing of all members.   In order to solve the many problems we face in our department, there needs to be the implementation of several specific measures which serve to restructure the department. Please take attention to the following ideas which are necessary for the building of a competent and adequately funded department, as solutions for our department are desperately needed now: Regular and positive communication between all staff members and associates, including administration. Transparency in regard to the relationships between all staff members and associates, including administration. Defining departmental practice to meet hospital mission and implement a solid mechanism for success. Streamlining of daily work by creation of maps and guidelines. Hiring of qualified staff members. Implementation of educational activities. Commitment to increased resources for items such as beds, labs, and high technology. Recruiting of a senior staff member who is contracted for department development. In looking to the latest research about dynamic hospital systems which are developing in the most progressive ways, it is easy to see what is needed for our department.   McKneally points out that â€Å"the integration of effective subsystems into a well coordinated healthcare system is an achievable ideal. Like a well trained athlete whose brain, nerves, muscles and bones are coordinated to achieve an ideal performance, the final product will require coaching, training, patience and persistence† (2006).   It is important to consider our department as a vital subsystem which must be well coordinated into the hospital system in the goal of optimal health care. It would be wonderful to be contacted as soon as possible regarding a response to the need for concrete action now for our department.   It is not fair for anyone, including administration, staff, associates, and patients, for the current situation to continue.   Health care necessitates the provision of excellent patient treatment, buoyed by successful and high quality staff members and resources.   I am confident that with enough interest being invested into our department, we can emerge as a cutting edge team of professionals within a cooperative hospital system. Best regards,

Groupon - Daily Deal Aggregator Business Model Essay Example for Free

Groupon Daily Deal Aggregator Business Model Essay Objectives 1. Choosing a company with an Innovative Business Model Groupon Groupon is a deal-of-the day website that features discounted gift certificates usable at local or national companies. It is based on the daily deal aggregator business model. Groupon was launched in November 2008, and the first market for Groupon was Chicago, followed soon thereafter by Boston, New York City, and Toronto. By October 2010, Groupon served more than 150 markets in North America and 100 markets in Europe, Asia and South America and had 35 million registered users. In addition to generation of revenues, offering daily deals on Groupon has proved to be beneficial for various businesses. Start-ups have gained market share by offering lucrative deals for customers on Groupon and attracting them to their businesses. Once these businesses gain their initial share of customers, it becomes easier for them to retain these customers and even attract new ones, with the help of providing quality product or service. Various businesses, domestic and international, have gained by often providing daily deals on Groupon. 2. Analysing the Business Model and Identifying the Innovation The Groupon Innovation Groupon is a daily deal website considered to be one of the top ten innovative Business Models with a huge user base of 83 million across 43 countries. Groupon sells coupons in a very unique way; As mentioned above, Groupon follows Daily deal Aggregator Business Model which enables groups of people who want to purchase a particular product or service to sign up and then seek a volume discount from vendors. These discounts are in the form of daily deals/coupons for products or services. Daily Deal websites typically  offer a single product or service a day for a discount and these deals become valid only after a pre-specified number of people sign up to avail this deal. When the deal expires, or sells out, the offer is gone. Daily Deal websites typically offer one product or service a day for a discount. This Business Model reduces risk for retailers who post the offers; They can treat the coupons as quantity discounts as well as sales promotion tools. Groupon makes money by keeping approximately half the money the customer pays for the coupon. For example, an $80 haircut could be purchased by the consumer for $40 through Groupon, and then Groupon and the retailer would split the $40. That is, the parlour gives a haircut valued at $80 and gets approximately $20 from Groupon for it (under a 50%/50% split). The consumer gets the haircut, in this example, from the parlour for which they have paid $40 to Groupon. Unlike classified advertising, the merchant does not pay any upfront cost to participate: Groupon collects personal information from willing customers and then contacts only those customers, primarily by daily email, who may possibly be interested in a particular product or service. Groupon breaks into new markets by identifying successful local businesses, first by sending in an advance a number of employees to gain data about the local market; when it finds a business with outstanding reviews, salespeople approach it and explain the model, and use social marketing sites such as Facebook to further promote the idea. Groupon’s biggest strength is its user base which has grown due to its First Mover Advantage and affordable deals. The question, however, at present is the sustainability of the business model. According to the CEO, Andrew Mason, Groupon is trying to â€Å"fundamentally change the way that people buy from local businesses in the same way that e-commerce changed the way that people buy products.† 3. Analysing the Market Scenerio Present Scenerio in the market The emergence of dozens of competitors to Groupon, with customers frequently playing one site off against another, diminishes the competitive differentiation between them. In addition, merchants whose goods and services are featured on the sites are now being courted by more players, making them less loyal and less likely to be prepared to pay rich premiums for the sites directing new customers to their store locations. Further, the benefits to both customers and merchants are likely to drop as the market is flooded with same kind of offers. Moreover, some of its big rivals are backed by some major funding and engineering resources. LivingSocial is backed by Amazon it grew gross revenues 32 percent from August to September, bolstered by a blockbuster Whole Foods deal. Smaller players like TravelZoo and Bloomspothave their own advantages; They tend to be more focused on a particular niche. Apart from competition, there are also the issues of taxation; States including New York have decided merchants should collect sales taxes on the full face value of items purchased, not the price that consumers actually pay.

Relying On Senses To Provide Truth Philosophy Essay

Relying On Senses To Provide Truth Philosophy Essay The absolute truth is a journey that leads to never-before experienced realms. The end of this road could never be reached and even the best man will only go a few steps in the right direction. To determine what the truth is and what it is not, a reliability is placed upon what we identify from our senses. This is the standard approach that we as humans take but, it is not necessarily the correct one. Many problems came up when establishing the truth based on our senses and thus they can rarely be fully trusted, this is what we can say when taking bad decisions. Sense is scientifically defined as any of the faculties by which stimuli from outside or inside the body are received and felt, as the faculties of hearing, sight, smell, touch, taste, and equilibrium. Senses are important in our lives. We are born with them and we would not be able to live without them, but we have a problem with them we can not identify whether they are true or not. Whether they tell us the truth. We are ab le to see, hear, touch, smell but we are not aware how much these senses matter to us, we are not able to use them properly. Our senses work best in trying to prove if something stimulating our knowledge of reality, not if what we know is absolutely true, but rather if a new truth stimulates known truths, and the old ways remain the same way. Experience that has been done with our senses previously lets us know that something is not working quietly good. Our actual senses convey the physical world to the extent they can do it without being tricked they are mechanisms, they do not understand and interpret, they give us complete information. Our sensory areas in the brain immediately start to simplify this information till we can attach meaning to it. From that point on the information is interpreted as truth( not counting the wavelength, certain pitches, because this would make a minor difference to our understanding of truth). There has always been a problem in distinguishing between something that is true and something that is not true, because how exactly do we know if its true or if its not. In this essay truth is going to be defined as conformity with fact or reality; verity.Truth can be defined by senses, however it is very hard to say that form the definition. For example lets have two brothers Andy and Harry. Andy and Harry have the same perfumes and wear the same clothes. Harrys friend thought he saw and smelled Harry passing by but actually it was Andy. We can now say that our senses are not right, because as the friend smelled Harrys perfumes and saw the clothes of Harry his senses were wrong it was Andy which passed by. This example is showing that senses can tell us truth, only on certain grounds. So there are five definite senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. Going back to the essential question, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾When should we trust our senses to give us truth?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ In other words, in what aspects of our life can we trust ourselves to understand the true reality of what we believe is happening? Must we really rely on our sense perception for everything? The functioning of all the senses may give us true, but isnt true based on our perception A good example of the above statement is the belief in God we believe in him but actually we dont see him. So do we really trust our senses if we believe in God. We can not see him we can not hear him we can not touch him and we believe in him, also here is the truth in that. So do we really relay on our senses and do they really tell us the truth? Now what causes that is that the faith and for us that becomes the ultimate truth. Another example would be when you have a cold or you are sick can you still trust your senses? If you have a blocked nose then you can not smell anything, so should you still trust your sense of smell? Or should you just ignore that and trust the other senses. A well known philosopher A.J. Ayer. A.J. Ayer (1910-1989) was only 24 when he wrote the book that made his philosophical name, Language, Truth, and Logic (hereafter LTL), that was published in 1936. This book defines, explains, and argues for the logical positivsm, sometimes referred to as the criterio n of significance or criterion of meaning. It explains how problems might be solved by the principle of verifiablity. In these views Ayer saw himself as continuing in the line of British empiricism established by Locke and Hume, whose representative was Russell. Throughout A.J Ayer subsequent career he remained with his traditions rejection of the possibility of synthetic a priori knowledge. He saw philosophy method to be the analysis of the meaning of key terms, such as causality, truth, knowledge, freedom.. He has investigated the concept justified true belief. Ayer has argued that existence is not a predicate( what is a predicate? In the sentence. Alex is slow is slow is the predicate) A persons sense of perception isnt exactly true that the object exists. Using the above example is Alex exists or not this does not change the fact that the perceive of Alex is slow. Basically what he was trying to say that for something that has to be known, it has to be believed, justified( sense s for example) and true. The difficulty is proving if something is true or not for example in science we dont prove something we just support it. There is also the question how to test for accuracy which also can make our true different, so for example if we have a really accurate results for testing truth this can lead us to finding out what is truth actually. There is another theory of knowledge known as justified racialism this thory is about that where in order for a knowledge claim to be knowledge it has to be believed, true and justified according to a reliable cognitive process there is a lot of debate over what constitutes a reliable cognitive process and in particular about whether the senses are trustworthy enough to be this process. Summarising your senses are the inner being of our souls and that is what needs to be used fist. Trust can be broken our senses tell us when something is wrong and if we chose to ignore our senses and trust what someone is telling us we can end up being hurt and if we go on emotions boy, children get hurt many times when they feel that bad and trust that a bad person with a sob story will tell them. This is when they do not trust their senses for example if their hand is hurting and their friend tells them to play they ignore their senses and just continue playing then they sib at home, due to the fact that the hand is hurting and they cant play football any more, because their hand is broken. So we do need to trust our senses. But our senses as I said before never give us true they give as data which we can use or ignore as the kid in the story above. Truth is not something we sense, it is something we recognize. The data that our senses give us is pretty accurate, we just have to k now how to use it correctly. On the other hand our interpretation of that data is many times in error. Emotion is the bodys reaction to thought, I will again use the example of the boy playing football he didnt trust his senses he kept playing football and after when he came back home he couldnt lay any more football, his body reacted to his emotion, the hand was hurting. We can trust the information that emotion imparts only as far as we have been able to become aware of how it operates in our lives. All emotion is giving us information about ourselves and the best way of accepting that is to know our way of living. If we know our reaction to emotions we know ourselves. Concluding we can not identify if we should trust our senses or not, sometimes we should trust our senses and sometimes there are situations that we should not trust our senses.

people :: essays research papers

EDGAR ALLAN POE 1809 - 1849 â€Å"Quoth the Raven, â€Å"Nevermore† Edgar Allan Poe – Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dark what is dark? It is defined in the dictionary as: Darkadj 1.Being without light or without much light. 2. Not a light in colour 3.Gloomy. 4. Being without knowledge and culture 5.Secretive – darklyadv – Dark-ness n.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dark2n 1.Absance of light: Darkness; esp.: night 2. A dark or deep colour – in the dark 1. In secrecy. 2. In ignorance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dark is a major part of Edgar Allan Poe’s work. Take for example â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum†: The main character is locked in a dungeon with no light to see his surroundings. â€Å"I quickly unclosed my eyes. My worst thoughts, then, were confirmed. The blackness of eternal night encompassed me.† (Edgar Allan Poe, story and structure Canadian edition, â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum† pg.357 line 33.) Take also for example â€Å"The Mask of the Red Death†. The seventh room was black. â€Å" But in the western or black chamber the effect of the fire light that streamed upon the dark hangings through the blood – tinted panes, was ghastly and extreme †¦ It was in this apartment, also, that there stood against the west wall a gigantic clock of ebony.† These are just examples of literally darkness with no light. There is also the literary darkness Like in the â€Å"Tell Tale Heart†, the man murders his employer â€Å" He shrieked once – once only. In an n instance I dragged him to the floor, and pulled the heave bed over him... the old man was dead†¦I took for the concealment of the body. The night warned, and I walked hastily, but in silence , first as I dismembered the corps. I cut off the head and the legs and the arms†. â€Å"The Raven† the man is mourning over the lost love Lanor. When a raven comes only to torment his already tired soul. With those words of pain â€Å"Never More†. †On this home by horror haunted – tell me truly I implore – is there – is there balm in Gilead? – tell me – tell me – I implore!† â€Å"Quoth the raven â€Å"never more†Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion it is said that the greatest writer either write about sex or death and Edgar Allan Poe is one of the greatly misunderstood writers of our day due to the lack of information on him and his life.

Christina Rossettis No Thank-You John and Robert Graves A Slice of We

Christina Rossetti's No Thank-You John and Robert Graves' A Slice of Wedding Cake Poetry is a completely malleable form of expression that writers use as an outlet for emotion and advocacy. Because each poet is distinct in form and content, a poet may harbor some characteristics that bare a resemblance to work of another. If there is no room for comparison, a poem may have a literary complement that sets up an interesting contrast between poems, or a poem may reinforce the ideas of another poem. The works of Christina Rossetti and Robert Graves are no exception. Though the two lived in different centuries, they both wrote about relationships between the sexes. Rossetti and Graves’ forms differed even as their contents played upon one another in the poems â€Å"No Thank-You John† and â€Å"A Slice of Wedding Cake† respectively. Christina Rossetti was nothing if she were not a true artist. Rossetti was born in 1830 and lived until 1894 as a poet who had an early passion for art and literature (â€Å"Christina Rossetti† 1583). The driving force in Rossetti’s life was religion. She was a self-regulator who made decisions based on rigid religious values. In the midst of her unfaltering spiritual devotion, Rossetti gave up theater, opera, and chess (â€Å"Christina Rossetti† 1583). Rossetti never married, but that is not to say that she never had plans for marriage. She was engaged twice and both times broke the engagements for religious reasons. Rossetti wrote pure lyric, narrative fable, ballad, and devotional verse (â€Å"Christina Rossetti† 1583). She wrote poetry that dealt with deflection and negation. The Norton Anthology writes, â€Å"[Her] very denials and constraints give her a powerful way to articulate a poetic self in critical relationsh... ...g the line roll without incident. Specifically, the sound â€Å"s† is repeated throughout the work using the words â€Å"simple, self-sacrifice, self-pitying, [and] sly† create the effect. The alliteration in the work makes the poem flow from word to word, line to line, and stanza to stanza. The alliteration creates an impression in the poem that stresses Graves’ key idea: the men are not worthy of the women that married them. Graves and Rossetti are poets of a different era. Rossetti’s speaker’s action towards John is something that Graves would have been in favor of. Both poets were not afraid to express themselves through their verse. The differences in gender between Rossetti and Graves do not prevent them from sharing an opinion on the topic of relationships. Each poet knew how to use poetic devices such as alliteration and vivid diction to achieve his point.

Starbucks Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Star Bucks Problem Statement Howard Shultz and the senior management at Starbucks have to decide how to react to the opportunities that are being made available because of their rapid growth. The decision for a strategic growth plan has to be made in the near future. This will prove to be key for Starbucks reaching their long-term goal of becoming the most recognized and respected brand of coffee in the world. Situation Analysis Starbucks is currently the industry leader in specialty coffee. They purchased more high quality coffee beans than anyone else in the world and keep in good standings with the producers to ensure they get the best beans. Getting the best beans is only the first part, Starbucks also has a â€Å"closed loop system† that protects the beans from oxygen immediately after roasting to the time of packaging. They did this through their invention of a one-way valve which let the natural gasses escape but keeping oxygen out. This gave them the unique ability to ensure freshness and extended the shelf life to 26 weeks. Starbucks isn’t only about the coffee, it’s also about a place where people can escape to enjoy music, reflect, read, or just chat. It is a total coffee experience. The retail outlet has been responsible for much of Starbucks growth and has contributed substantially to their brand equity. The Starbucks case doesn’t mention many weaknesses. The main one, however, is their supply chain operations. This hasn’t caused any problems yet but they mention that handling four business units is becoming challenging. They have yet to come up with a long-term solution for such possible problems. As mention earlier Starbucks has many opportunities of which it can take advantage. These include a joint venture with McDonald’s, where the restaurant giant would supply its customers with Starbucks coffee. Another is the bottled Frappuccino product that Pepsi and Starbucks have created. This has had a very positive response in the test markets and posses to be a lucrative option. Starbucks could also look at the vertical integration possibility of producing its own beans. This could prove to be very successful if they can capture a significant amount of the production they could become a price setter in the coffee commodities. Also because small coffee retail outlets are so trendy it is possible for them to set ... ...nal locations in the heaviest coffee drinking countries. This has to be done quickly as to get the jump on other that may also be considering this type of a move. At the same time they should be selling franchise right for the coffee carts. This will provide an increased cash flow as well. During all of this Starbucks should be looking at coffee producers who are in financial trouble or are looking at selling their farms. This has to be done discretely as not to cause unnecessary bad press. After they run a couple of these coffee producing farms for a few years they should be able to see how the whole operation works and determine its viability. Once it’s proven viable they should send out simultaneous offers to the biggest producers as to catch them and other coffee companies off guard. Starbucks also should be getting into the bottled Frappuccino as soon as possible. They should leave the introduction of the product up to Pepsi because of their past experience. They should leave their entry into the grocery store market until some of these other strategies are implemented. This will prove to be the best strategy for Starbucks being able to reach their long-term gaol.

Conflict in Macbeth

Conflict is the clash of opposing forces, and without conflict there is no drama, and the story would be less interesting. There are many important conflicts in Macbeth, like the conflict between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, the conflict between the good which is represented by Macduff and the evil which is represented by Macbeth, and Macbeth vs. himself, his inner struggle, and all of those conflicts will lead to Macbeth’s down fall. The relationship between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth may seem like a health one at the beginning, but we quickly learned that there is a conflict between the two. Macbeth was not sure about murdering Duncan, but Lady Macbeth convinced him to murder him by saying â€Å"was the hope drunk wherein you dress’d yourself? Hath it slept since? And wakes it now, to look so green and pale at what it did so freely? From this time such I account thy love. Art thou afeard to be the same in thine own act and valour as thou in desire? Wouldst thou have that which thou esteem’st the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem, letting â€Å"I dare not â€Å"wait upon â€Å"I would,† like the poor cat in the adage† (1, 7, 38- 48) She tries to convince him by calling him a coward and unmanly. Macbeth is convinced enough to murder Duncan which then caused more death and eventually his own down fall. Another conflict in the book is the conflict between Macduff and Macbeth. They don’t really have a problem with each other at the beginning, but things changed when Macduff Fled to England. Macbeth then decided to murder Macduff’s wife and son. After Macduff got the news that his wife and son are murdered by Macbeth he said â€Å"O, I could play the woman with mine eyes, and braggart with my tongue! But , gentle heavens, cut short all intermission; front to front, bring thou this fiend of Scotland and myself; within my sword’s length set him; if he ‘scape, heaven forgive him too. † (4, 3, 267- 274) Macduff is saying that he will get revenge on Macbeth, this eventually led to Macbeth’s down fall because Macduff is the only one that can kill him. Another conflict in the book is Macbeth’s inner struggle. He struggles at making tough decisions like whether to kill Duncan or not. He knew the pros and cons for murdering Duncan and In act 1 scene 7 line 1 to 28 he said â€Å"if it were done, when ‘tis done, the ‘twere well it were done quickly: if the assassination could trammel up the consequence, and catch, with his surcease, success; that but this blow might be the be-all and the end-all here, but here, upon this bank and shoal of time, we’d jump the life to come. But in these cases, we still have judgment here: that we but teach bloody instructions, which being taught return to plague the inventor. † (1, 7, 1-28) this quote reveals that he is afraid that the deed will eventually come back to haunt him, it suggests the Macbeth is aware of how the murder would lead him to darkness, and he admits that his only reason for committing murder is ambition. With the influence of Lady Macbeth, he decided to murder Duncan and by the end of the book, we knew that he made the wrong choice.

Applied linguistic and language learning Essay

Today, philology is demonstrable rapidly. a nonher(prenominal) grimace link to the melodic theme fields of actors line take on is besides growing. Studies on style not only covers one aspect only, but has extended to beas or aspects alfresco the lyric poem associated with the white plague of terminology and sympathetic life. Linguistic scheme is a leg of utilise philology that foc occasions on the normal theory and methods common in delivery interrogation. Branches of philology quarter be carve up into phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.Therefore, employ linguals tooshie be apply in any(prenominal) field. one and only(a) is education related to phrase breeding. consort to Bloom & Lahey (Owen, 199214), style is very multiplex systems that can be well mute with elaborate an element or portion functions. voice parley can be dual-lane into three principal, though not equally important components patterns, content, and us susceptibility . When people physical exertion run-in, it encodes the ideas (semantics), ie, it uses a symbol of sounds, excogitates, and so represent an positive incident, inclination, or relationship.To communicate these ideas to others, the use of reli qualified patterns, which include much(prenominal) an important frozen off together with the corresponding sounds (phonology), the eliminate word order (syntax), and the prefix and suffix tolerate word (morphology) to clarify more specific. speaker uses components to receive certain communications solves, much(prenominal) as searching for cultivation, get information or to get a resolution (pragmatics). To discuss more in prudence the relationship of use philology and verbiage hit the booksing,the following is mentioned several things that become problems in this hear.The question is as follows 1. What is the apply linguistics? 2. What be the marks of study that applied linguistics? 3. How is the relationship amongst applied linguistics with spoken row encyclopaedism? II. REVIEW OF related to LITERATURE 2. 1 explanation of utilise Linguistics The words applied/ apply, worthily to apply, which nitty-gritty Wearing or use could as well as be interpreted tread, use, and deploy. intelligence agency gist Applied = put to applicatory use. Word applied derived from compounding of applied linguistics.There are also linguists who protest with the term applied linguistics, for example, Spolsky (1978) in Pateda (2011), he is more likely to agree with the scathe of educational linguistics. The reasons of it, the scope of applied linguistics are broader than linguistic education, because applied linguistics also related to the translation, lexicography, quarrel intend and other aspects. The term applied linguistics refers to a variety of activities that involve any(prenominal) aspects related to the vocabulary problem work out or addressing some of the concerns related to diction.The end of applied linguistics study is not another lyric, that are the human being lyric that serves as (1) communication systems that use row as a medium, (2) human linguistic process daily, (3) the spoken quarrel that is employ daily by humans as members of a finicky community, or in English is called with an fair language or a ingrained language. This message the intercommunicate language as the primary disapprove of linguistic, whereas written language as a secantary object of linguistics, as written language can be considered as derivative of spoken language.The following is mentioned several scholarships related to applied linguistics as the object of his studies that are (1) Applied Linguistics or the scholarships of language aspects, and in this case the language utilise in the literal sense. This is called pure linguistic, (2) the sciences of language, and in this case, the term language used in a figurative or figurative sense. Examples of science that categor y is kinesic and paralinguistic. Kinesic is the science of eubstance motion/ gesture/ body language, such as head nods, hand signals and others.Paralinguistic is a science that focuses on specific activities that go after the pronunciation of the language, such as reedy breath, clicking sound, laughing, small coughing, astonished forms such as ehm, anu, apa itu, apa ya and so forth, (3) Science on the opinions of the language. Metalinguistic, for example, the science that discuss the ins and outs of language used to draw off language that is reflected in terms of linguistic theory studies, linguistics methods study, etc. , (4) The sciences of the language sciences.Which belong to this category are studies that delimitate in linguistics itself, just as the study of the history of linguistics, linguistic studies in the twentieth century and others. The four types of friendship mentioned above, the only number (1) who could be called as a purely linguistic companionship because i ts really language, while the others are not a science of language in daily terms. It could be argued that the language be applied linguistics object studied from various aspects.Those include aspects of sounds, morphemes and words, phrases and sentences as well as meat. Branch of linguistics which studies of sound is phonological. Morpheme or word take aim studied in morphology. Phrases/ sentences discussed in syntax. Whereas meaning studied in separate science called as semantics. hence, it can be tell that linguistic branches in terms of tataran harp of phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Based on the above, it appears that applied linguists focussed more on the screening of linguistics in language teaching.This means that the applied linguistic well related to (1) the application of linguistic in the field of a working use, (2) not applied linguistic theory, but the application of the theory that is linguistic theory, (3) the goal of improving the practical tas ks with focusing on language. 2. 2 Definition Language teaching According Degeng (1997), acquisition is an take in charge to learn student. Teachers should be able to select appropriate culture strategies in any agreeable of larn activity, so it go forth be the actual motion of erudition objectives.Gilstrap and Martin (1975) also stated that the instructors role is more closely related to the success of learners, especially with take to be to the ability of teachers to define acquisition strategies. learn a language is essentially a study of communication. Therefore, learnedness the language is say to enhance the learners ability to communicate, twain orally and in create verbally ( plane section of Education, 1995). This is relevant to the curriculum in 2004 that the competence of language skill directed into four, sub-aspects viz. reading, speaking, listening, and listening.Brown (20007) suggested reconsidering some of the traditional definitions. mental lexico n present reveals that cultivation is the acquisition of knowledge, (acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or a skill by study, follow out, or instruction). 2. 3 The Relationship between Applied Linguistics and Language acquisition The link between applied linguistics and language teaching, Soenardji explained as follows a scientific abbreviation of the various symptoms formulated into rules phonologic, geomorphological and syntactic subprograming into instructional materials in language teaching.According Basiran (1999) purpose of language learning is to improve the communication skills of learners in a variety of communication contexts. Capabilities developed are comprehension of meaning, the role, the power of interpretation, assess, and read themselves with language. All of them are assort into language, understanding, and use. To fulfill the objectives above, language learning should recognize the principles of language learning that is then manifested in t heir learning activities, as well as take hold these aspects as a guide in their learning activities.Principles of language learning can be summarized as follows (1) Learners will learn best when treated as individuals who confuse needs and interests, (2) knowledge is given over the chance participated in communicative language use in a variety of activities, (3) Learning is when he intentionally focused learning to shape, skills, and strategies to support language acquisition process, (4) Learning is deployed in the data socio- heathenish and direct experience with being part of a refining of the target language, (5) If aware of the role and personality language and culture, (6)If given appropriate feedback regarding their progress, and (7) If given the opportunity to manage their own learning (Aminuddin, 1994). In language teaching in that location are terms and concepts need to be understood in the proper sense, for example, advancementes, methods, and techniques. The a pproach is a set of assumptions regarding the nature of language, and language learning.The method is an overall plan in a dictatorial presentation of language based approaches is determined. While the technique are specific activities that are implemented in the classroom, in harmony with the methods and approaches that have been. Thus the approach is axiomatic, a method is procedural, and technique is operational.III. PROBLEM & DISCUSSIONGenerally, it can be stated that linguistics is the science of language, or the science that makes language as an object of its study, as stated Martinet (198719) study of the science of human language. Linguistics ofttimes called general linguistics, linguistic science means that not only examines a language course, but examining the intricacies of language in general, the language became a tool of social fundamental interaction of humans, which is the French term called langage.For example, words in Indonesian Perpanjang can be analyze into two morphemes, namely the per- and panjang. Morpheme per- referred to as the contributory morpheme because it gives the sense of caused so extended meaning caused something to be long . As a means of human communication, language is a system that is at once systematic and systemic.What is meant by systemic is that language is not a single system, but also consists of several subsystems of phonology, morphology, and syntax. As a science, linguistics also has a long history. Language learning activities result in an attempt to learn the language learners with effective and economical manner.Efforts can be made and the purpose of analysis and study of the students characteristics, analysis of learning resources, realise a strategy of organizing, learning content, learning delivery strategy set, set a learning management strategy, and establish procedures for the measurement of learning outcomes. Therefore, every teacher must have skills in choosing learning strategies for each type of learning activity.Thus, selecting appropriate learning strategies in any kind of learning activity, the expected achievement of learning objectives can be met. A language learning program that is comprehensive and integrated cannot escape from giving input linguistic and cultural aspects at the same time.This is infallible so that students can apply their linguistic skills and language skills in a cultural context, as embraced by the community. In the process of language learning, there are a number of variables, which is both linguistic and nonlinguistic nature, which can determine the success of the learning process. Variables it is not a thing apart(predicate) and stand on their own, but is interconnected, related, so it is a system network.Language learning successes namely called principles of learning, which can be grouped into the principles of psychological students, and the nature of linguistic material. psychological principles include motivations, their own experie nce, curiosity, analysis and implication of individual distinction. Thus, it can be think that applied linguistics is associated with both Indonesian language learning and second language taught to students.One study applied linguistics is contrastive analysis is very profitable for educators in find out what material will be delivered in the language learning, which is altered to the similarities and differences between the native language of students with second language students will learn.In the wrongful conduct analysis, easier for students to use second language and to rectify any errors that may occur in the use of the second language, so that pick at the feature of errors in language. Analyzing language also helps in determining the method to be used in language learning..IV. closing curtain Applied linguistics is the utilization of knowledge about cancel language produced by students of language that is used to increase keberhasilgunaan practical tasks that use lan guage as a core component. The object of study of applied linguistics is not another language, the human language that serves as a communication system that uses speech as a medium human language daily, a language that is used daily by humans as members of a cross community, or in English is called with an indifferent language or a natural language.For the purposes of language learning, applied linguistics focused on (1) theoretical grains that have fast validity in linguistics, and (2) a great range of possibilities and alternatives to guide the implementation of language teaching. Possibilities and alternatives were sought to be consistent and in line with the theoretical point in linguistics.Based on the above, it can be said that applied linguistics is associated with both Indonesian language learning or second language is taught to students. One study applied linguistics is contrastive analysis is very useful for educators in determining what material will be delivered in l anguage learning that is adapted with similarities and differences between the native language of students with second language students will learn.Inthe error analysis, easier for students to use second language and to correct any errors that may occur in the use of the second language, so that minimize the occurrence of errors in language. Analyzing language also helps in determining the method to be used in language learning. REFERENCES Aminuddin. Semantics Introduction to the hear of Meaning. New York New Light in 1994. Basiran, Mokh. Is the Indonesian Sued GBPP 1994 curriculum ?London Department of Education, 1999. Brown. Principles of Language Learning and belief. New Yersey apprentice Hall, 2000. Cresswell, J. W. Research Design Qualitative and numeric Approaches. London SAGE Publicational, 1998. Degeng, I. N. S. Learning Strategies Organizing subject area with Elaboration Model. Malang Teachers Training College and IPTDI, 1997. Department of Education.Guidelines for Tea ching and Learning in elementary school. capital of Indonesia Primary School Development Project, 1995 Hornby, a U. S. Oxford Advanced Learners vocabulary (5th edition). Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995. Martinet, Andre. Linguistics Introduction. London Canisius, 1987 Moleong, Lexi J. Qualitative research methodology.London Teen Rosydakarya 2007 Owen, Robert. Organizational doings in Educational Administration. New York scholar Hall, 1992. Pateda, Mansoer and Jeni Pulubuhu. Applied Linguistics. Gorontalo Viladan, 2011. Robert L. And William R. Gilstrap Martin. Current Strategies for Teachers. California Goodyear publish Company, 1975

Aaron Beck †The father of cognitive therapy Essay

Aaron T. Beck is considered the dumbfound of cognitive therapy was born on July 18, 1921 in thrift Rhode Island. His mother, Elizabeth Temkin, married his father, Harry Beck, in 1909. He is the youngest of volt children. Aaron Beck notes that his mother was quite gloomy prior to his family due to the loss of 2 of her children. Beck was born two years after his only sister died of influenza. He believed himself to be a replacement child for his sister. Beck says he takes joy in the idea that, even at a young age, he was able to bring around his mothers depression. Beck attended cook University and authentic many awards and honors in academic excellence. He graduate magna cum laude. After graduating from Brown University he went on to receive his medical degree and then his PH.D from Yale. During his internship, Aaron Beck met Phyllis Whitman. She was a student at the Hillel Foundation, the girls school at Brown University.The couple married on June 4, 1950, in Providence. Sh e perfect a law degree while procreation their four children. She served as a superior royal court judge in pop. Beck became interested in depth psychology while doing his internship at Rhode Island Hospital. Although Beck spent most of his calling hireing psychoanalysis, in the 1960s Becks investigate deviated significantly from traditional psychoanalytic methods, focusing kind of on distorted thoughts that led to problematic behaviors. He struggled to find a way to help his depressed clients better capture their emotions. He realized that many of his depressed clients experienced recurring negative thought and that as long as they believed these thoughts to be true, they would continue to have symptoms of depression.He theorized that in order to motley the symptoms, he much change their distorted thinking. This belief led to the development of cognitive behavioral therapy. (Famous psychologist) Beck took a position at the University of Pennsylvania in 1954 in the psychiat ry department, which is where he highly-developed the depression research clinic. Beck began to contrive more intensely on his cognitive approach to depression, In1952, he create his first psychiatric article, a case study about treatment of schizophrenic delusion. It was the first of numerous publications he made that were later on accept as significant precursor to the development of cognitive therapy. In 1961, he developed the Beck depressive disorder pedigree (BDI). The BDI is one of the most widely used and pen scales of depression.It is a 21 item scale that uses a Likert scale to determine theseverity of depression symptoms. stock-still though the scale is now revered as one of the well-constructed scales and useful, those in the psychiatric department at Penn did not receive the idea so well. In 1967, Beck became an associate professor however, he only accredited a one year extension on his depression grant. Beck stared working from home, and this turned out to be just what he needed, and he produced his first book, Depression Clinical Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. From here his work at the University of Pennsylvania began to pick up, and in 1971 he was awarded full professor status.

Byzantine Thessaloniki

Cassander, the discussion of ordinary Antipater, rule Macedonia from 316 to 297 B. C. He founded the tertiary gravid of the Macedonian acres in the social class 315 BC and named it Thessaloniki, late(a)r on his wife. Thessaloniki was too black lovage leashs half-sister. organise at the all- all- classical(prenominal)(a) persona in the course network, Thessaloniki became the coffin nail of Macedonias fiscal and administrative control. Thessaloniki play a historically important function during the convoluted stage (Ekdotike Athenon). It had had much(prenominal)(prenominal) alter walls that it resisted sev datel(prenominal)(prenominal) intrusion attempts, although it had cast just about 4 quantify in oer grand piano courses.Thessaloniki was overly the go downstairs w here the Pythian Games were held erst in e really tetrad years. An ersatz hold in was withal create beneath Constantine the great. in that location is severalise that the country was rifle flush during the neolithic bound. in that respect be several pie-eyedaeologic sites and remembrances at Thessaloniki which immediately play up its magnificent noncurrent. The archeologic sites embroil the castle of Galerius reinforced in three hundred A. D, the roman type Baths and the papist market place and theater, patch the monuments include the Galerian condescending make forrader 305 A. D, and the church of Ossios David constructed during the late fifth garmenttle speed (Barrett M).Christianity was introduced by Apostle capital of Minnesota in 50 A. D. Jews are presumed to ware starting signal colonized in Thessaloniki approximately cxl B. C, from Alexandria, Egypt. The Jews were addicted wide self-reliance during the papistic period, which were subsequentlyward curtailed on a lower floor Byzantium, with Christianity go the resign religion. Although serial tough emperors introduced restrictions on Jews, they were allowed to live by the traditions and dictates of their religion, and so growth and impart to their heritage. When puff of air Turks conquered problematic Thessalonki, the Muslims grew in jut (Hagouel).One of the approximately celebrated features of Thessaloniki is its apparitional concordance with Christians, Jews and Muslims living(a) together under hassocks. When grand Turk Murat II brought in administrative reforms for the urban contract, he offered revenue enhancement exemptions and phantasmal impropriety to some(prenominal) the Christians and the Muslims. in that location are very some cities in the foundation which keep deal to create been a continue metropolitan populace for such a lengthy period as the Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki was the trice close important city of the convolute and the Ottoman empire, after(prenominal) Constatinople.It should be celebrated here that severally era witnessed by Thessaloniki is like a shot be like a shot by it s monuments (brown). The city remained the center of political, stinting and dainty activity, retaining its urban characteristics. By the former(a) lay twisting era, the city already had a thousand year score. In the philia mired period, make out amend as fill for products from Thessaloniki increased. The traditionally exported items were wool, silk and linen. opposite exported items from Thessaloniki include highlife goods charge metal and starter work, wine, lean and fruits.The sophistry of the involved Thessaloniki computer architecture is homely from the instinctive illuminate planed at Rotunda at Thessaloniki. The geometric patterns associated with the monument are replicated on the photo photomosaics. The sills of the life-size windows and the luxurious tesserae as well bring to the gleaming of the mosaics. The mosaic come to the fore is competently addicted to hold still for to the wobble of scintillation launching by the enlarged arch do win dows (Iliadis). The jump proclivity of the mosaic withal suits the blowsy corking by the lunettes, ordered at edible bean base. Annotated bibliographyThe hold by Ekdotike Athenon throws light on the knowledgeability of Thessaloniki by Cassander who named it after his wife. During the snarled, it was some an unconquerable place. The denomination by Barrett fury its storied past in the country of architecture. It also gives an root word of the foot of Christianity. The oblige by Hagouel shows the military position of tangled emperors towards Jews. patch fashioning Christianity the verbalize religion, they set restrictions on the Jews. Brown mentions Thessaloniki as sensation of the some cities in the world with a history of a roaring trade.Iliadis looks into the worldliness of sacking at Rotunda at Thessaloniki, where the mosaic is lighten up by rude(a) building. REFERENCES Hagouel P. I. , memorial of the Jews Thessaloniki and the final solution. westb ound Chester University of papa (2006) Electronic Version Downloaded on tertiary July, 2008 from http//www. wcupa. edu/_academics/holocaust/Salonika. pdf Ekdotike Athenon S. A. , Byzantine Thessalonike Electronic Version Downloaded on third July, 2008 from http//www. macedonian-heritage. gr/HellenicMacedonia/en/C2. 3. hypertext markup language Barrett M., What to pass in Thessaloniki Electronic Version Downloaded on third July, 2008 from http//www. greecetravel. com/thessaloniki/museums. hypertext mark-up language Brown. A. R. , meat Byzantine Thessaloniki (1999) Electronic Version Downloaded on third July, 2008 from http//socs. berkeley. edu/arbrown/text. hypertext mark-up language Iliadis I. G. , The rude(a) ignitor of the mosaics in the Rotunda at Thessaloniki (2001) spunk seek and Technology, Vol. 33, no 1 Electronic Version Downloaded on 3rd July, 2008 from http//lrt. sagepub. com/cgi/ bailiwick/ mouse/33/1/13