What is an Inteferometer :: physics light optics

A Michelson Interferometer is a device used to measure the speed of light in precise optical measurements. It does this by splitting light into two or more beams that recombine and interfere with each other causing the interference fringes. The interferometer basically consists of a light source, a beamsplitter, and two (or more) mirrors to reflect the light. The interference pattern for a Michelson interferometer is circular-- that is, it produces concentric circles of light and dark "fringes". When one mirror on the interferometer is moving, the path difference between the two split beams of light changes, and the interference pattern is seen Interference is a phenomenon that occurs when two photons of light interact with each other in such a way that their waves sum to either increase or decrease their total amplitude. Complete constructive interference occurs when two electromagnetic waves are of the same frequency and in phase; destructive interference occurs when two electromagnetic waves of the same frequency have a phase difference of one-half wavelength. When complete destructive interference occurs, no light can be detected. Similarly, complete constructive interference results in intensity quadrupling (intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude). The following picture demonstrates these effects. Originally, the inventors of the interferometer produced it to measure the speed of light so they could determine the existence of ether. Since then it has been important in measuring the wavelengths of light, using the wavelengths of light to measure very small distances (up to 0.5 microns), to measure extremely small times (up to 1x10-15 seconds), and to study optical media. Albert A. Michelson (1852-1931) The Michelson interferometer was invented by American Physicist Albert A. Michelson in 1887. Michelson was born in Strzelno (Poland) in 1852 and moved to American in 1855. When he was 17, he joined the United States Naval Academy in Anapolis, Maryland where he excelled in science subjects. Michelson later became a science instructor at the academy, but moved on to become a professor of physics at several universities. During the years of 1923-1927, he was president of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1907, he was the first American to be awarded the Physics Nobel Prize for his many efforts in optics. Michelson began experimenting with the interferometer in April of 1887. He came up with a system of mirrors and semi-transparent mirrors (or beamsplitters) for merging separated beams of light, which are coming from the same source. The system was set up so that the beam of light was split in two, sending each split perpendicular to each other, and then merging back so they â€Å"interfered† with each other.

Conflict in the Most Dangerous Game Essay

Have you ever wondered how authors create or compose conï ¬â€šict into their stories? An author uses a method or way of developing conï ¬â€šict into the story using plots. Most stories follow a plot to construct the unique events of the story. Conï ¬â€šicts are very important in a story to help make the story more interesting and entertaining in itÊ ¼s own way. Authors use conï ¬â€šicts in all genres of writing and storytelling. When authors write a story with a conï ¬â€šict they usually build upon the story with some smaller problems called rising conï ¬â€šicts. They use these small encounters or problems to help amp up the story and make it more interesting. In some genres of writing the rising conï ¬â€šicts help the reader to understand and predict what will happen in the main conï ¬â€šict of the story. They hint and tease the reader into thinking what will happen by making that environment with the rising encounters. When the main conï ¬â€šict hits in most stories it feels like a slap in the face because you most likely had no idea what was going to happen. The conï ¬â€šict is supposed to surprise the reader and change the story completely. Once the conï ¬â€šict hits its over very soon and often there is no looking back. Thats one of the reasons that writers chose to include conï ¬â€šict in their stories. In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† , Richard Connell provides one way of rising conï ¬â€šict called; Human vs Nature. This form of rising conï ¬â€šict shows a struggle between the character and the situation the character is put into. When Rainsford fell off of the yacht, and stumbled onto sand, that was a example of Human Vs. Nature in the story. Next, after the conï ¬â€šict the story will take one of two paths, it could suddenly end, but it could continue on into the story using falling conï ¬â€šicts.

Dystopian Society, V for Vendetta

V for Vendetta History has a tendency to repeat itself. One of humanity’s most popular ways of getting its point across is through violence. When words are no longer enough to argue a point, human casualties not only directly solve the problem, but symbolically send a message to all those affected as well. Just as the American colonies fought against the British for Freedom when their voice was no longer heard, and just as the Islamic extremists used terrorism to send an evil message to America, both V and Chancellor Sutler used violence to gain a voice in a world of chaos. In the film V for Vendetta the viewer is welcomed to a dystopia in which the government not only controls its citizens, but removes their privacy, civil rights, general freedoms, and even regulates what types of foods, jobs, and materials one is allowed. As the plot moves along, Chancellors Sutler’s actions to reach this dystopia are revealed. His use of biological warfare against the â€Å"weak† minorities of England was not only violent, but cruel, heartless, and sickening. His intentions were not for the well being of his country, but for his own selfish greed and control. Chancellor Sutler was able to take advantage of the chaos, uncertainty, and fear within the world and manipulate the lives of his people with lies and a nonexistent hope. On the other hand, V took the fear that still existed in peoples’ minds, but helped them to realize they shouldn’t be afraid. In his plot to regain control on November Fifth he did made what could be his most important move. He gave a nationally broadcasted speech to the citizens of his country, exposing and reminding the citizens of England what their government was doing to them. He helped them to recover the fact that this new life, this life that they had become accustomed to, had considered normal, was not in fact a country in which â€Å"England would prevail,† but rather a country which needed a face, and an idea. V slowly created a chaos, but not a chaos for the people, one for the government. V was able to turn the tables and remind those of popular sovereignty, power in numbers. These actions were all peaceful, although V did find it necessary to directly take hold of the source of the countries disguised turmoil. His murders and assassinations of the people responsible sent not another message of fear, but a message of true hope, and a change for the better. Although both V’s and Sutler’s intentions of harm and hope were total opposites, it’s hard to deny the fact that their actions were similar. While V targets the government and Chancellor Sutler destroys the nation’s security, both use violence to let those uninformed hear what couldn’t be heard before. Many argue that two wrongs don’t make a right, and killing for killing is unethical. So in order to fully understand the plot of the movie, you have to take a front seat to the hypocrisy of it all, and understand that whatever force is exerted, another force of equal value is created. It’s the balancing act of life. V may have disrupted the ideals that we as humans are given to believe, but he was only fighting the fight that was inevitably going to be fought. The movie not only gives us a glimpse to the potential evil and manipulative people of the world, but also helps us to understand that sometimes violence is necessary. When actions are so terrible, so negative, and so extreme that people lose sight of right and wrong, and learn to accept the unacceptable, death is the only real verdict for some. V let England know that people like this would not be tolerated. Although violence was used, the ideas and symbolism were the true importance, and ideas are bulletproof.

Adverb of Emphasis - Definition and Examples

Adverb of Emphasis s In English grammar, adverb of emphasis is  a traditional term for an intensifier  used to give added force or a greater degree of certainty to another word in a sentence or to the sentence as a whole. Also called an emphasizer and an  emphasizing adverb. Common adverbs of emphasis include absolutely,  certainly, clearly, definitely, naturally, obviously, positively, really, simply, and undoubtedly. In The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar  (2014), Bas Aarts et al. point out that [o]nly some grammatical models subdivide adverbs with this level of semantic detail.  Ã‚   Examples and Observations I was flat broke and the rent was due. Clearly I needed to find a job.Hes tapping my phone, he said to Celia indignantly. I definitely heard it. Definitely.(Lawrence Sanders, The First Deadly Sin.  G. P. Putnams Sons, 1973) I hadnt the slightest hesitation in saying: For sure! Tell the manabsolutely! Absolutely! Of course!(Joey Tallon in Call Me the Breeze, a novel by Patrick McCabe, 2003) In Stamps the segregation  was so complete that most Black children didnt really, absolutely know what whites looked like.(Maya Angelou,  I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969Deterrence, obviously, is one of the aims of punishment, but it is surely not the only one. On the contrary, there are at least half a dozen, and some are probably quite as important.(H.L. Mencken, The Penalty of Death At the door of the kitchen she said, You never finish your lunch. You run around senselessly. What will become of you?Then she died.Naturally for the rest of my life I longed to  see her, n ot only in doorways, in a great number of places- in the dining room with my aunts, at the window looking up and down the block, in the country garden among zinnias and marigolds, in the living room with my father.(Grace Paley, Mother.  Later the Same Day. Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1985) Theoretically, of course, one ought always to try for the best word. But practically, the habit of excessive care in word-selection frequently results in loss of spontaneity.(Francis Thompson, qtd. by Arthur Quiller-Couch in Murder Your Darlings)Everything beginning at Blake Avenue  would always wear for me some delightful strangeness and mildness, simply because it was not of my block, the block,  where the clang  of your head sounded against the pavement when you fell in a fist fight, and the rows of store-lights on each side were pitiless, watching you.(Alfred Kazin, A Walker in the City. Harcourt Brace, 1951 There is undoubtedly a sensation in traveling into foreign parts that is to be had nowhere else; but it is more pleasing at the time than lasting.(William Hazlitt, On Going a Journey Fallacies You can spot ​discourses that beg the question by looking for such words as obviously, of course, and really. Any defense lawyer would immediately leap up and say, Objection! if the prosecution were to say to the jury, Obviously, she is guilty. (Edward P. J. Corbett and Rosa A. Eberly, The Elements of Reasoning. Allyn and Bacon, 2000)

assignment 1 Essay

assignment 1 Essay assignment 1 Essay Consulting Contract Tyneca M. Allen Dr. Chuks Agada HRM 568 April 26, 2015 Create a consulting contract that defines the boundaries of your analysis and objectives of the project. To survive in today’s competitive marketplace, hospitals are faced with the challenge of becoming more market driven: they must identify and satisfy the needs of their customers in a manner superior to that of other hospitals offering competitive services. Understanding the nature of this new focus on competition has become a matter of life or death for many hospitals because of the rapidly changing nature of the healthcare environment (Pinto, 1990). In order to better create the conditions for the successful development and introduction of these new programs and services, a variety of management and healthcare professionals must maintain effective and supportive work relationships (Pinto, 1990). Successful implementation of new healthcare services often requires the creation of hospital project teams and the joint efforts and combined expertise of a variety of relevant functional departments (Pinto, 1990). Project teams must to be effective in the following areas to impr ove their productivity goals. Healthcare marketing personnel are responsible for targeting appropriate market segments, developing marketing strategies, and creating promotional campaigns. Finance and administrative members often oversee concerns related to cost minimization and maintaining peak levels of efficiency and usage of the new service. Finally, physicians, nurses, and members of ancillary support departments have an equally large stake in the success of a new hospital program. They can ensure that the new service is technically adequate and provides the type of health benefit that potential customers in the marketplace have a right to expect (Pinto, 1990). First, we must establish a collaborative relationship with the project teams. Second, solve the problems of ineffective productivity and providing patient information in a timely way, so they stay solved. Third, ensure attention is given to both the technical/business problem and the relationships with the project teams (Block, 2011). The objectives are to improve the teamwork of the different department staff for better productivity and providing patient information. Explain the kinds of information you seek and your role in the project. The cooperation of the project teams to better analyze and resolve the situation is crucial. They are expected to be responsive and provide the assistance needed to solve the problem (Block, 2011). The consultant will gather the information needed for problem analysis and decide what methods of data collection and analysis to use (Block, 2011). Goals have long been viewed as important to organizational and project team effectiveness. Goals often represent the driving force behind individual activity in an organizational setting. Although a variety of goals exist in each organization and, indeed, within every individual, one frequently overlooked type important to the study of cross-functional cooperation is a superordinate goal. Sherif (1962), originally introduced the notion of the superordinate goal and demonstrated its usefulness for enhancing cooperation and minimizing conflict among group or team membe rs. Superordinate goals are defined as goals that are urgent and compelling for all groups involved, but whose attainment requires the resources and efforts of more than one group (Sherif, 1962). The essence of Sherif's theory is that competitive goals cause intergroup conflict, but superordinate goals give rise to intergroup cooperation. In this study, superordinate goals were defined as an overriding purpose, goal, or set of goals that is shared by all members of the project team. Information needed to analysis the project team would be rules and procedures that are in place. What are the channels each team has to go through to meet

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Dividend Payout Policy Finance Essay

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Dividend Payout Policy Finance Essay When a company has a surplus of profit, it can be used either pay back the shareholders or reinvest into the business. The way that company pay back to shareholders is call dividend payout. In the recent years, the number of companies paying dividends has declined. For example, the PSEG Company in the United State, the payout ratio was about 67% in 2004 and fallen to 45% by 2007.Shows in the graph below: (http://www.pseg.com/index.jsp) This essay will mainly discuss the advantage and disadvantage about the dividend-paying. What are dividends? Dividends are payment made by corporation to the shareholders. Dividends come from the profit earned by company. There are two ways where company spends the surplus of profit, one is to reinvest to the business and the other is to pay back to the shareholders as dividends. The companies who pay dividends are usually taking no benefit if the reinvest the surplus profit back into the business, under this condition dividends are chosen to pay to t he shareholders, which is call payout. The forms of dividends are variable. The most common one will be the made by cash, which is the most common method of sharing corporate profits with the shareholders of the company. The second one is the stock dividends that is paid in form of additional share and it is counted by proportion, for example, if the shareholder owns 100 shares of the stock with 5% stock dividends, the shareholder can gain 5 more shares. Others like property dividends are taken as dividends payout as well. Advantage of dividend payout policy There is certain amount of people of the rightist position state that company pays a high dividend payout is important for investors for the reasons that paying dividends can convince the shareholders about the company’s financial well-being. The higher rate of dividends payout shows better the company operating as well as larger number of profit, which might attracts the investors. Dividends are also attractive for the i nvestors who want to get the stable current income easily. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There is also a natural clientele of investors, such as the elderly, who looking to their stock portfolios for a steady source of cash to live onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (P456, Richard, 2008). In principle, the shareholders could sell a part of the shares to gain money even if the company does not pay dividends, but it is more convenience for the investors to get the money if companies pay the dividends by checks. In this case, the payout policy of cash dividends will reduce the cost of transaction as well as the inconvenience for the shareholders selling the shares. In addition, the long-term stable dividends payouts could help the company less affected by the changes of the dividends. Those companies with long history of stable dividends will be less influenced if the dividends decrease, but will be positively affected when dividends payout increases or even dividends stay the same level. Furthermore, companies with out a dividend history are generally viewed favorably when they declare new dividends. The dividends announcement has resulted in a 4% rise of the stock price according to the dividend initiations studied by Healy and Palepu (P448, Richard, 2008).

Zaha Hadid Starcitect a 20th century phenomenon Dissertation

Zaha Hadid Starcitect a 20th century phenomenon - Dissertation Example In a technological world that is global in nature, most civic heads are now aiming to create global villages that are uniform in nature, without overtly portraying any of the local culture and traditions. It is here the ‘starchitects’ have gained prominence by creating structures that have no link to history or traditions, and are more futuristic in colour , and thus can fit almost anywhere in this world. In this article, I will examine the works of the famous ‘starchitect’ Zara Hadid’s works, to comprehend the uniqueness in this form of architecture. Name Instructor’s name Date ‘Star architect’ and Zaha Hadid– a 20th century phenomenon 1 Introduction Starchitecture culture is â€Å"characterised by the premature coronation of designers based on flashy forms and blowout press coverage, the infection of schools with the idea of fame as a career objective and...a certain enabling complicity by the leading lights of our critic al establishment† – Phillip Nobel, 1 ‘Starchitect’  is a recent  phenomena or ‘neologism’ that is a relatively new doctrine within the field of art of architecture.  The term is used to distinguish architects  (and also artists/ sculptors), who have used their works in a manner that have turned them into a celebrity of sorts, and after receiving a certain degree of critical acclaim they have managed to transform themselves into idols of the architecture world, and in the process even earning fame amongst the general public. It has been observed that worldwide developers are quite enthusiastic to bring in the "top talent" or (starchitects), in order to attract the local governments into approving projects for large developments, or when requiring more financial help, and also for adding more star quality into their projects in order to raise the building value. The chief characteristic of a starchitect's design is that it is always so di fferent from the surrounding architecture, that it forcibly stands out and is highly visible within a particular locality, thus often turning into an icon, by its mere power of being starkly different. Since this entire process is completely dependent on the media publicity and the subsequent degree of current visibility, there are also instances of architects losing the ‘starchitect’ status (hence turning into former ‘starchitects’) owing to fading visibility in the media, thus forcing these icons to always try and remain within the range of media visibility. The latest development in this field is the hiring of famous ‘starchitects’ by various civic heads, in order to produce structures that turn into a landmark feature, an iconic representation of a city, thus elevating its international status or profile. Having maverick architects like Zaha Hadid, Renzo Piano, or Norman Foster designing an opera house or a museum, are instances of ‘s tarchitecture,’ when architectures or buildings are produced for more of a shock value, which would help to create a landmark or an icon. According to a recent economic theory followed by the civic heads, claims that a city tends to thrive and flourish if it possesses some amount of an  international fame.2 This was most evident in the case of Bilbao, where we find the ‘starchitect’ Frank Gehry designed an art museum, and this allowed the